References

-A-

Abbott, EA (1884), Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. Republished at http://www.geom.umn.edu/~banchoff/Flatland/ as of 4/20/02. Neoselachii Overview.

Adriaens, D & W Verraes (1997), The ontogeny of the chondrocranium in Clarias gariepinus: trends in siluroids. J. Fish Biol.50: 1221-1257. WWW.  Cladoselachida.

Adriaens, D & W Verraes (1998), Osteology of the osteocranium in the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell (1822) (Siluriformes: Clariidae): ossification sequence as a response to functional demands. J. Morphol. 235: 183-237. WWW. Dermosphenotic, Siluriphysi.

Ahlberg , PE 1995), Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade. Nature, 373: 420-425. Elginerpetonidae, Elginerpeton, Obruchevichthys, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Ahlberg, PE 1998), Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.122: 99-141.  Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda

Ahlberg, PE (1999), Something fishy in the family tree. Nature 397: 564-565. Osteichthyes.

Ahlberg, PE (2004), Comment on "The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus." Science305: 1715c. Elginerpeton.

Ahlberg, PE & JA Clack (1998), Lower jaws, lower tetrapods -- a review based on the Devonian genus Acanthostega. Trans. Roy. Soc. (Edinburgh), Earth Sci., 89: 11-46. Acanthostega, Baphetes; Baphetidae, Crocodyliformes, Ichthyostega, Loxomma, Megalocephalus, Metaxygnathus, Obruchevichthys, Panderichthys, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Ahlberg, PE & Z Johanson 1997), Second tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Osteolepiformes) from the Upper Devonian of Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia, and phylogeny of the Tristichopteridae. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 653-673. Cabonnichthys, Osteolepiformes, Tristichopteridae.

Ahlberg, PE & Z Johanson 1998) Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods. Nature395: 792-794. Osteolepiformes.

Ahlberg, PE & E Luksevics (2004) New light on the Devonian tetrapod Ventastega curonica. 10th Intl. Symp. Early Vert. Lower Vert., p. 10 (abstr). Elginerpeton, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Ahlberg, PE & AR Milner (1994), The origin and early diversification of tetrapods. Nature368: 507-514. Elpistostegalia, Osteolepiformes.

Ahlberg, PE, JA Clack & E Lukševičs 1996), Rapid braincase evolution between Panderichthyesand the earliest tetrapods. Nature381: 61-64. Panderichthys, Tetrapoda

Ahlberg, PE, M Friedman & H Blom (2005), New light on the earliest known tetrapod jaw. J. Vert. Paleontol.25: 720-724. Elginerpeton.

Ahlberg, PE, E Lukševics & E Mark-Kurik (2000), A near-tetrapod from the Baltic Middle Devonian. Palaeontology43: 533-548. Elpistostegalia, Livoniana, Osteolepiformes.

Albanesi, GL & CP Barnes (2000), Subspeciation within a punctuated equilibrium evolutionary event: phylogenetic history of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Paroistodus originalis- P. horriduscomplex (Conodonta). J. Paleontol.74: 492-502. Conodonta

Albino, AM (2000), New record of snakes from the Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Geodiversitas 22: 247-253. Madtsoiidae

Alcober, O (2000), Redescription of the skull of Saurosuchus galilei(Archosauria: Rauisuchidae) J. Vert. Paleontol.20: 302-316. Poposauridae, Rauisuchidae, Saurosuchus.

Anderson, HM & JM Anderson (1970), A preliminary review of the biostratigraphy of the Uppemost Permian, Triassic, and Lowermost Jurassic of Gondwanaland. Paleontol. Afr.13(suppl.): 1-22. Uranocentradon.

Anderson, LC & PD Roopnarine (2005) Role of constraint and selection in the morphologic evolution of Caryocorbula(Mollusca: Corbulidae) from the Caribbean Neogene. Palaeont. Elec.8: 32A, 18pp. WWW. Holopterygius.

Anderson, JM & ARI Cruikshank (1978), The Biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic, Part 5, a review of the classification and distribution of Permo-Triassic Tetrapods, Paleontol. Afr.21: 15-44. Laccocephalus.

Andrews, SM (1973), Interrelationships of crossopterygians inPH Greenwood, RS Miles & C Patterson [eds.], Interrelationships of Fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.53(supp.1): 137-177. Onychodontiformes, Onychodus, Strunius.

Andrews, SM & TS Westoll (1970), The postcranial skeleton of Eusthenopteron foordiWhiteaves. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.68: 207–329. Acanthostega, Eusthenopteron.

Andrews, SM & TS Westoll 1970a), The postcranial skeleton of rhipidistian fishes excluding Eusthenopteron. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.68: 391–489 (1970). Eusthenopteron, Megalichthyidae, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Rhizodontiformes, Tristichopteridae.

Archibald, JD, AO Averianov & EG Ekdale, (2001), Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals. Nature414: 62-65. Eutheria, Glires, Zalambdalestidae.

Arcucci, AB (1997), Dinosauromorpha in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs.Academic Press, pp. 179-183. Dinosauromorpha, Lagerpeton, Lagosuchidae.

Arcucci, AB & CA Marsicano (1998), A distictive new archosaur from the Middle Triassic (Los Chañares Formation) of Argentina. J. Vert. Paleontol.18: 228-232. Tarjadia

Arnason, U & A Janke (2002), Mitogenomic analyses of eutherian relationships, Cytogenet. Genome Res.96: 20-32. Insectivora.

Arnason, U, JA Adegoke, K Bodin, EW Born, YB Esa, A Gullberg, M Nilsson, RV Short, X-F Xu, & A Janke (2002), Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 8151-8156. Insectivora.

Arnason, U, A Gulberg & A Janke (1998), Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two nonprimate calibration points. J. Mol. Evol.47:718–727  Hippomorpha.

Asher, RJ, MC McKenna, RJ Emry, AR Tabrum & DG Kron 2002), Morphology and relationships of Apternodusand other extinct, zalambdodont placental mammals, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. #273: 117 pp. Apternodontidae, Chrysochloroidea, Insectivora, Micropternodontidae, Oligoryctidae, Palaeoryctidae, Parapternodontidae, Solenodontidae, Soricidae, Soricinae, Soricomorpha, Tenrecoidea.

Averianov, AO (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 627-652. Zhelestidae

Averianov, AO (2002), Early Cretaceous “symmetrodont” mammal Gobiotheriodonfrom Mongolia and the classification of “Symmetrodonta”. Acta Palaeontol. Pol.47: 705-716. Tinodontidae.

-B-

Bailey, JB (1997), Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs? J. Paleontol. 71: 1124-1146. Ianthasaurus, Ouranosaurus

Bailon, S (1988), Un aniliidé (Reptilia, Serpentes) dans le Pliocène Supérieur Européen. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (Ser. II) 306: 1255-1258. Aniliidae.

Bajpai, S & PD Gingerich (1998), A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)95:15464-15468. Cetacea, Cetartiodactyla.

Bajpai, S & JGM Thewissen (1998), Middle Eocene cetaceans from the Harudi and Subathu Formations of India, inJGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 213-233. Protocetidae, Remingtonocetidae.

Bakker, RT (1975), Dinosaur Renaissance, Scientific American232: 58­78. Tapinocephalidae.

Bakker, RT, (1986), The Dinosaur Heresies : New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction. Kensington Pub Corp.: 481 pp. Diplodocus, Tapinocephalidae, Titanosauria, Tyrannosauroidea.

Barghusen, HR (1968), The lower jaw of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida) and the evolutionary origin of mammal-like adductor jaw musculature. Postilla116: 1-49. Cynodontia.

Barghusen, HR (1975), A review of fighting adaptions in dinocephalians Reptilia, Therapsida), Paleobiology1: 295-311. Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalidae.

Barlow, AJ & PH Francis-West (1997), Ectopic application of recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-4 can change patterning of developing chick facial primordia. Development 124: 391-398. Meckel's Cartilage.

Barlow, GW (2000), The Cichlid Fishes: Nature's Grand Experiment in Evolution. Perseus Publishing: 335 pp. Cichlidae, Epibranchials, Labridae, Labroidei.

Barsbold, R & T Maryanska (1990), Segnosauria in DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 408-415. Therizinosauridae.

Basden, AM & GC Young (2001), A primitive actinopterygian neurocranium from the Early Devonian of southeastern Australia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 754-766. Sarcopterygii

Battail, B & MV Surkov (2000), Mammal-like reptiles from Russia in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp 86-119. Anoplosuchus, Anteosauria, Archaeosyodon, Biarmosuchia, Brithopus, Chthomaloporus, Deuterosaurus, Dolisauriscus, Dvinia, Eotitanosuchia, Estemmenosuchidae, Estemmenosuchus, Jugals, Lystrosaurus, Molybdopygus, Nanocynodon, Notosyodon, Phthinosuchidae, Procynosuchidae, Sphenacodontia, Syodon, Tapinocephalidae, Therapsida, Ulemosaurus.

Beaumont, EH (1977), Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia). Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B280: 29-101. Baphetes, Baphetidae, Loxomma, Megalocephalus, Septomaxilla, Spathicephalus.

Beaumont, EH & TR Smithson (1998), The cranial morphology and relationships of the aberrant Carboniferous amphibian Spathicephalus mirusWatson. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.122: 187-209. Spathicephalus

Behrensmeyer, AK, JD Damuth, WA DiMichele, R Potts, H-D Sues & SL Wing (1992), Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. Univ. Chicago Press, 568 pp. Heterodontosauridae.

Bemis, WE, EK Findeis & L Grande (1997), An overview of Acipenseriformes. Env. Biol. Fishes, 48: 25-71. Acipenseriformes, Birgeriidae, Chondrostei, Saurichthyidae.

Bendix-Almgreen, SE (1971), The anatomy of Menaspis armataand the phyletic affinities of the menaspid bradydonts. Lethaia4: 21-49. Menaspidae.

Bennett, SC (1996), Aerodynamics and thermoregulatory function of the dorsal sail of Edaphosaurus. Paleobiology 22: 496-506. Ianthasaurus.

Bennett, SC (1996), Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 432-444. Dactylosaurus, Pterodactyloidea.

Bennett, SC (1997), Terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs: a reconstruction based on Pteraichnus trackways. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 104-113. Pterodactyloidea, Pterosauria.

Bensch, S & A Härlid (2000), Mitochondrial genomic rearrangements in songbirds. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 107-113. Cuculiformes.

Benson, RD (1999), Presbyornis isoni and other Late Paleocene birds from North Dakota. Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol.89: 253-259. Presbyornis, Telmabates.

Benton, MJ (1984), Rauisuchians and the success of dinosaurs. Nature310: 101. Poposauridae, Prestosuchidae, Rauisuchia, Rauisuchidae, Saurosuchus.

Benton, MJ (1997), Origin and early evolution of Dinosaurs, inJO Farlow & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 204-215. Dinosauria

Benton MJ (1999), Scleromochlus tayloriand the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond.B354: 1423-1446. Ornithodira, Ornithosuchidae, Scleromochlus.  

Benton, MJ & JM Clark (1988), Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodilia inMJ Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods 1: 295-338. Oxford, The Systematics Assoc. Archosauria, Gracilisuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Prestosuchidae.

Benton MJ & PCJ Donoghue (2007), Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life. Mol. Bio. Evol. 24: 26-53. Glossary.

Benton, MJ & DJ Gower (2002), Alick D. Walker 1925–1999: an appreciation. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.136: 1-5. Euparkeriidae.

Benton, MJ & AD Walker (2002), Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.136: 25-47. Aetosauridae, Batrachotomus, Erpetosuchus, Gracilisuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Prestosuchidae.

Benton, MJ, L Juul, GW Storrs, & PM Galton 2000), Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus from the Upper Triassic of Southwest England. J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 77-108.Dactylosaurus, Sauropodomorpha.

Beresford, P, FK Barker, PG Ryan & TM Crowe 2005), African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas.’  Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 272: 849-858. Ratites.

Berger, AJ (1960), Some anatomical characters of the Cuculidae and the Musophagidae. Wilson Bull. 72: 60-103. Cuculidae.

Berman, DS (2000), Origin and early evolution of the amniote occiput. J. Paleontol. 74: 938-956. Acanthostega, Baphetes, Baphetidae, The Occiput, The Opisthotic

Berman, DS, RR Reisz, D Scott, AC Henrici, SS Sumida & T Martens (2000), Early Permian bipedal reptile. Science 290: 969-972. Bolosauridae, The Opisthotic.

Berner, RA & Z Kothavala (2001), GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospheric CO₂over Phanerozoic time. Amer. J. Sci. 301: 182-204. Tetrapoda.

Berner, RA, DJ Beerling, R Dudley, JM Robinson & RAWildman, Jr (2003), Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.31: 105–34. Tetrapoda.

Bertelli, S & LM Chiappe (2005), Earliest tinamous (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Miocene of Argentina and their phylogenetic position. Contrib. Sci.#502, 20 pp. Ratites.

Bertelli, S & AL Porzecanski (2004), Tinamou (Tinamidae) systematics: A preliminary combined analysis of morphology and molecules. Ornit. Neotrop.15 (supp.), 8pp. Ratites.

Birstein, VJ, R Hanner & R DeSalle (1997), Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenetic and molecular approaches. Env. Biol. Fishes, 48: 127-155. Acipenseriformes, Chondrostei.

Blieck ARM & P Janvier (1999), Silurian-Devonian vertebrate-dominated communities, with particular reference to agnathans, inAJ Boucot & J Lawson [eds.], Paleocommunities: a Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 79-105. Amphiaspidida, Corviaspididae, Ctenaspis.

Blieck, A & VN Karatajute-Talimaa (2001) New corvaspids from the Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia (Vertebrata: Pteraspidomorphi: Heterostraci), inDK Elliott & MD Gottfried [eds.], 9th International Meeting on Early Vertebrates/Lower Vertebrates. J. Vert. Paleontol.21: 639-650. Corveolepis, Corviaspididae.

Blieck, ARM, VN Karatajütë-Talimaa & E Mark-Kurik 2002), Upper Silurian and Devonian pteraspidomorphs (Vertebrata) from Severnaya Zemlya (Russia): a preliminary report with biogeographical and biostratigraphical implications. Geodiversitas24: 805-820. WWW  Amphiaspidida, Corviaspididae, Corveolepis, Hibernaspidoidei.

Blom, H (1999), Loganellia (Thelodonti, Agnatha) from the Lower Silurian of North Greenland, Acta Geol. Polonica49: 97-104. Loganellia.

Blom, H (2005), Taxonomic revision of the Late Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostegafrom East Greenland. Palaeontology48: 111-134. Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda.

Blom, H & D Goujet (2002), Thelodont scales from the Lower Devonian Red Bay Group, Spitsbergen, Palaeontology45: 795-820. Apalolepididae, Katoporida, Nikoliviidae, Turiniidae, Thelodontida.

Bolt, JR & S Chatterjee (2000), A new temnospondyl amphibian from the Late Triassic of Texas. J. Paleontol.74: 670-683.

Bonaparte, JF (1971), Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods, in SH Haughton (ed.), Second Gondwana Symposium, Proceedings and Papers[1970]. Council of Scientific and Inustrial Research [Praetoria] 2: 665-682. Ornithosuchidae, Neoaetosauroides, Saurosuchus, Stagonolepis, Venaticosaurus.

Bonaparte, J (1986), The early radiation and phylogenetic relationships of the Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs, based on vertebral anatomy, in K Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Barapasaurus, Haplocanthosaurus

Boonstra, LD (1956), The skull of Tapinocephalusand its near relatives. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 43: 137-169. Tapinocephalidae.

Boonstra, LD (1963), Diversity within the South African Dinocephalia. S. Afr. J. Sci.59: 196-206. Tapinocephalidae, Ulemosaurus.

Boonstra, LD (1965), The skull of Struthiocephalus kitchingi. Ann. S. Afr. Mus.48: 251-265. Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalidae.

Boonstra, LD (1969), The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds of the Karoo). Ann S. Afr. Mus.56: 1-73. Anteosaurus, Jonkeria, Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalia.

Brandoni, D, AA Carlini, F Pujos & GJ Scillato-Yané (2004), The pes of Pyramiodontherium bergi(Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga): the most complete pes of a Tertiary Megatheriinae. Geodiversitas26: 643-659.

Brant, SV & G Ortí (2002), Molecular phylogeny of short-tailed shrews, Blarina(Insectivora, Soricidae), Mol. Phylogen. & Evol.22: 163-173. Insectivora.

Brett-Surman, MK (1997), Ornithopods, in Farlow, JO & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, pp. 330-346. Hadrosauridae.

Brink, AS (1956), Struthiocephalus kirchingisp. nov. Palaeont. Afr.5: 39-56. Struthiocephalus.

Brochu, CA (2001), Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics. J. Paleontol.75: 1185–1201. Archosauria

Brown, DS (1981), The Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a  review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Geol.35: 253-347. Colymbosaurus, Cryptocleididae, Elasmosauridae, Microcleidus, Muraenosaurus, Plesiosauroidea, Pliosauroidea

Bry, C (1996), Role of vegetation in the life cycle of pike inJF Craig [ed.], Pike Biology and Exploitation.Chapman & Hall, pp 45-67. Esociformes.

Buchholtz, EA (1997), Paleopathology inPJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 522-534. Tyrannosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea.

Buchholtz, EA (1998), Implications of vertebral morphology for locomotor evolution in early Cetacea inJGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 325-351. Ambulocetidae, Autoceta, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Georgiacetus, Remingtonocetidae.

Buffetaut, E (1982), Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des crocodiliens Mésosuchiens, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, N.S. 60 (dated 1981) No. 142, 88 pp. Lybicosuchidae.

Burmeister, KC, JJ Flynn, JM Parrish, RL Whatley & AR Wyss (2000), Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of new middle to Late Triassic fossil vertebrates; Morondava Basin, Madagascar, Abstracts of the 2000 Meeting of the Western Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff- pdf. - Aetosauridae

Busbey, AB (1986), New material of Sebecus cf. huilensis (Crocodilia: Sebecosuchidae) from the Miocene La Venta formation of Colombia, J. Vert. Paleontol. 6: 20-27. Sebecosuchidae

Butler, PM (2000), Review of the early allotherian mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 45: 317-342. Allotheria, Haramiyida, Multituberculata.

-C-

Caldwell, MW (1994), Developmental constraints and limb evoluiton in Permian and extant lepidosauromorph diapsids. J. Vert. Paleontol. 14: 459-471. Neodiapsida

Caldwell, MW (1996), Ichthyosauria: a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of diapsid affinities. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 361-386. Neodiapsida

Caldwell, MW (1999), Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 125: 115-147. Agamidae, Anguoidea, Lanthanotidae, Monstersauria, Pythonomorpha, Serpentes, Varanoidea.

Caldwell, MW (2000), On the phylogenetic relationships of Pachyrachis within snakes: a response to Zaher 1998). J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 187-190. Serpentes

Caldwell, MW & AM Albino (2001), Paleoenvironment and paleoecology of three Cretaceous snakes: Pachyophis, Pachyrachis, and Dinilysia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 46: 203-218. Dinilysia; Madtsoiidae; Pachyophiidae.

Caldwell, MW, RL Carroll, & H Kaisar 1995), The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 516-531. Pythonomorpha.

Caldwell, MW & MSY Lee (1997), A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. Nature 386: 705-709. Jugals, Pachyophiidae, Serpentes, Squamata.

Callaway, JM (1997), A new look at Mixosaurus, inJM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press.  pp. 45-59. Grippidia, Ichthyosauria, Mixosaurus.

Callaway, JM (1997a), Ichthyosauria: Introduction, inJM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press,  pp. 3-16. Ichthyosauria, Ichthyosaurus, Mixosaurus, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Temnodontosaurus.

Callison, G. & HM Quimby (1984), Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown? J. Vert. Paleontol. 3:200-209. Genasauria.

Cameron, CB, JR Garey & BJ Swalla (2000), Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 97: 4469-4474. Vertebrata

Camp, CL (1980), Large ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Nevada. Palaeontographica Ser. A.170: 139-200. Californosaurus, Shastasauria.

Campbell, KSW & RE Barwick (1995), The primitive dipnoan dental plate. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 13-27. Diabolepis; Dipnoi; Youngolepis.

Caputi L, N Andreakis, F Mastrototaro, P Cirino, M Vassillo & P Sordino (2007), Cryptic speciation in a model invertebrate chordate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)104: 9364-9369. Ascideacea.

Carpenter, K (1997), Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles Academic Press, pp. 191-216.  Liopleurodon, Peloneustes.

Carpenter, K (1997a), Thyreophora in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Academic Press, pp. 737-738. Thyreophora.

Carpenter, K (1997b), Ankylosaurs in JO Farlow & MK Brett-Surman, The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 307-316. Ankylosauria.

Carpenter, K (1997c), Tyrannosauridae inPJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 766-768. Tyrannosauridae.

Carpenter, K & M Smith (2001), Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex, K Carpenter & D Tanke [eds.], Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 90-116. Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tyrannosauroidea.

Carr, TD (1999), Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). J. Vert. Paleontol.19: 497-520. Tyrannosauroidea.

Carr TD, TE Williamson & DR Schwimmer (2005), A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. J. Vert Paleontol.25: 119-143. Alectrosaurus.

Carrano, MT & JR Hutchinson (2002), Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex(Dinosauria: Theropoda). J. Morphol.253: 207-228 (2002).

Carrano, MT, CM Janis & JJ Sepkoski, Jr. 1999), Hadrosaurs as ungulate parallels: lost lifestyles and deficient data. Acta Pal. Pol. 44: 237-261. Hadrosaurinae, Lambeosaurinae, Ouranosaurus.

Carroll, RL (1981), Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 293: 315-383. Claudiosaurus, Neodiapsida, The Opisthotic, Septomaxilla.

Carroll, RL (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co., 698 pp. Actinistia, Anagalidae; Anomodontia, Anthracotheroidea, Antiarcha, Basilosaurus, Cetacea, Champsosauridae, Chimaeroidei, Cochleodontidae, Chondrichthyes, Chrysochloroidea, Colosteidae, Crocodyliformes, Diabolepis, Dicynodontia, Didolodontidae, Dromasauria, The Ear, Entelodontoidea, Epicynodontia, Eusthenopteron, Gulars, Halecomorphi, Hybodontiformes, Hypohyal, Insectivora, Jugals, Laccocephalus, Lepidosauriformes, Lissamphibia, Litopterna, Macrosemiiformes, Menaspidae, Metoposauroidea, Molars, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata, Nyctitheriidae, Occiput, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Pachycormiformes, Pakicetidae, Phthinosuchidae, Procynosuchidae, Pseudictopidae, Pycnodontiformes, Rhinesuchidae, Rhipidistia, Sphenodontia Overview, Sauropterygia, Semionotiformes, Septomaxilla, Solenodontidae, Soricoidea, Synapsida, Synechodontiformes, Talpoidea, Temnospondyl Overview, Therapsida Overview, Thrinaxodon, Trematosauroidea, Trilophosauridae, Venyukovioidea; Zalambdalestidae.

Carroll, RL (1988a), Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic lepidosauromorphs and their relation to lizard ancestry, in R Estes & G Pregill (eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families, Stanford Univ. Press, pp. 99-118. Lepidosauriformes

Carroll, RL & Gaskill, P (1985), The nothosaur Pachypleurosaurusand the origin of plesiosaurs. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond.309: 343-393. Anarosaurus, Neusticosaurus, Nothosauria, Nothosauridae, Nothosaurus, Plesiosauria, Sauropterygia, Simosaurus.

Carroll, RL, J Irwin & DM Green (2005), Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.143: 345–358. Acanthostega, Ichthyostega.

Carroll, SB (2005), Evolution at two levels: On genes and form.  PLOS Biology3: 1159-1166 (WWW). Books.

Cerdeño, E & M Bond (1998), Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Paedotheriumand Tremacyllus(Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene of Argentina. J. Vert Paleontol.18: 799-811. Typotheria.

Cerny, R, P Lwigale, R Ericsson, D Meulemans, H-H Epperlein & M Bonner-Fraser (2004), Developmental origins and evolution of jaws: new interpretation of "maxillary" and "mandibular." Devel. Biol.276: 225–236. Cladoselachida.

Chang, M-M & MM Smith 1992), Is Youngolepis a porolepiform? J. Vert. Paleontol. 12: 294-312. Diabolepis; Powichthys; Youngolepis.

Chatterjee, S (1978), A primitive parasuchid (phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India, Palaeontology21: 83-127.  Angistorhinus, Euphytosauridae, Mystriosuchus, Nicrosaurus, Paleorhinus, Parasuchus, Phytosauridae, Rutiodon, Smilosuchus.

Chatterjee, S (1982), Phylogeny and classification of thecodontian reptiles. Nature295: 317-320. Archosauriformes.

Chatterjee, S (1985) Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of Tyrannosaurs. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B309: 395-460. Poposauridae.

Chatterjee, S (1986), Late Triassic Dockum vertebrates: their stratigraphc and paleobiolographic significance, inK Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge Univ. Press. Phytosauridae.

Chen, J-Y, D-Y Huang & C-W Li (1999), An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate, Nature 402: 518-522. WWW. Craniata, Gill Arches, Haikouella, Meckel's Cartilage, Vertebrata.

Chen, Y-P, M Bei, I Woo, I Satokata & R Maas 1996), Msx1controls inductive signaling in mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Development122: 3035-3044. Teeth.

Chiappe, LM (1995), The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature378: 349-355. Aves, Carinatae, Metornithes, Mononykus, Ornithothoraces, Ornithurae

Chiappe, LM & CA Walker (2002), Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes), inLM Chiappe & LM Witmer [eds.], Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of the Dinosaurs. Univ. Calif. Press.  pp. 240-267. Neornithes.

Chiappe, LM, MA Norell & JM Clark (1998), The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature392: 275-278.  Parvicursor, Shuvuuia.

Chiappe, LM, J Shu'an, J Qiang, & MA Norell 1999), Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 242: 1-89. Confuciusornithidae, Ornithurae.

Chilton, G, KA Martin & JH Gee (1984), Winter feeding: an adaptive strategy broadening the niche of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Environ. Biol. Fish.10: 215-219. Esociformes, Umbra.

Cifelli, RL (1983), The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia). Am. Mus. Nov.772:1-49. Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna.

Cifelli, RL (1985), South American ungulate evolution and extinction, inSD Webb & FG Stehli [eds.], The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum Publ. Co., pp. 249-266. Didolodontidae, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL (1993), The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates inFS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna [eds.], Mammal Phylogeny. Springer-Verlag 2: 195-216. Didolodontidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL & SK Madsen (1998), Triconodont mammals from the medial Cretaceous of Utah.J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 403-411. Amphilestes; Priacodon, Triconodontidae, Trioracodon.

Cifelli, RL & C Villarroel (1997), Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 265-288. Notoungulata.

Cifelli, RL, TR Lipka, CR Schaff & TB Rowe (1999) First early Cretaceous mammal from the eastern seaboard of the United States. J. Vert. Paleontol.19: 199-203.  Amphilestes, Priacodon, Trioracodon.

Cifelli, RL, JR Wible & FA Jenkins, Jr. (1998), Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. J. Vert. Paleontol.. 18: 237-241. Triconodontidae.

Clack, JA (1989), Discovery of the earliest-known tetrapod stapes. Nature342: 425-427. Tetrapoda.

Clack, JA 1994), Earliest known tetrapod braincase and the evolution of the stapes and fenestra ovalis. Nature369: 392-394. Acanthostega, Tetrapoda.

Clack, JA 1997), Devonian tetrapod trackways and trackmakers; a review of the fossils and footprints. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 130: 227-250. Elpistostegalia, Obruchevichthys, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

Clack, JA (1998), A new Early Carboniferous tetrapod with a mélange of crown-group characters. Nature394: 66-69. Baphetes, Eucritta.

Clack, JA (2001), Eucritta melanolimnetesfrom the Early Carboniferous of Scotland, a stem tetrapod showing a mosaic of characteristics. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.: Earth Sci.92: 72-95. Eucritta, Spathicephalus.

Clack, JA (2002), Gaining Ground: the Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods Indiana Univ. Press, 369 pp. Acanthostega, Anthracosauroidea, Baphetes, Baphetidae, Elpistostegalia, Elpistostege, Embolomeri, Eoherpeton, Epibranchials, Ichthyostega, Jugals, Lepospondyli, Loxomma, Megalocephalus, Osteolepiformes, Panderichthys, Pholiderpeton, Proterogyrinus, Rhizodontiformes, Septomaxilla, Seymouriamorpha, Spathicephalus, Tetrapoda, Ventastega

Clack, JA 2002a), The dermal skull roof of Acanthostega gunnari, an early tetrapod from the Late Devonian. Trans. R. Soc. Edin., Earth Sci.93: 17-33.  Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Clack, JA 2003), A revised reconstruction of the dermal skull roof of Acanthostega, an early tetrapod from the Late Devonian. Trans. R. Soc. Edin., Earth Sci.93: 163-165.   Acanthostega, Ventastega.

Clack, JA, PE Ahlberg, SM Finney, P Dominguez Alonso, J Robinson & RA Ketcham (2003), A uniquely specialized ear in a very early tetrapod. Nature425: 65-69. Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda.

Clark, JM (1994), Patterns of evolution in Mesozoic Crocodyliformes, in NC Fraser & H-D Sues (eds.), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs Cambridge Univ. Press pp. 84-97. Crocodyliformes.

Clark, JM & RR Hernandez (1994), A new burrowing diapsid from the Jurassic La Boca formation of Tamaulipas, Mexico, J. Vert. Paleontol., 14: 180-195. Lepidosauriformes.

Clark, JM, H-D Sues & DS Berman (2000), A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilisfrom the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs, J. Vert. Paleontol.20: 683-704. Trialestidae.

Clarke, JA & LM Chiappe (2001), A new carinate bird from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Amer. Mus. Nov.3323, 23 pp. WWW. Carinatae

Clarke, JA, CP Tambussi, JI Noriega, GM Erickson & RA Ketcham (2005), Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous. Nature433: 305-308. Neornithes.

Clement, G (2005), A new coelacanth Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) frm the Jurassic of France, and the question of the closest relative fossil to Latimeria. J. Vert. Paleontol.25: 481-491. Sarcopterygii: Dendrogram.

Clement, G, PE Ahlberg, A Blieck, H Blom, JA Clack, E Poty, J Thorez, & P Janvier 2004), Devonian tetrapod from western Europe. Nature427: 412-413.  Ichthyostega, Ventastega.

Cloutier, R & PE Ahlberg 1996), Morphology, characters, and the interrelationships of basal sarcopterygians, inLJ Stiassny LR Parent & GD Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, pp. 445-479. Canowindridae, Cladoselachida, Grossius, Onychodontiformes, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Panderichthys, Rhizodontiformes, Rhipidistia, Sarcopterygii, Strunius, Tetrapodomorpha.

Coates, MI 1996), The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnariJarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Trans. R. Soc. Edin, Earth Sci.87: 363-421. Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Elpistostegalia, Elpistostege, Eusthenopteron, Ichthyostega, Panderichthys, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

Coates, MI & JA Clack (1991), Fish-like gills and breathing in the earliest known tetrapod. Nature352: 234-236.  Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Tetrapoda.

Coates, MI & SEK Sequeira (1998), The braincase of a primitive shark. Trans. R. S. Edinburgh (Earth Sci.)89: 63-85. The Occiput, The Prootic, The Sphenethmoid, Symmoriida, Synechodontiformes.

Coates, MI & SEK Sequeira (2001), A new stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the Lower Carboniferous of Bearsden, Scotland. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 438-459. Damocles, Falcatidae, Stethacanthidae, Symmoriida, Symmoriidae.

Coates, MI, JE Jeffery & M Ruta (2002), Fins to limbs: what the fossils say. Evol. & Devel.4: 390-401. Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Elpistostegalia, Eusthenopteron, Ichthyostega, Panderichthys, Rhipidistia, Rhizodontiformes, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

Coates, MI, NH Shubin & EB Daeschler (2004), Response to comment on "The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus." Science305: 1715d. Ichthyostega.

Colbert, EH (1969), Evolution of the Vertebrates. John Wiley & Sons. Synapsida Overview.

Colgan, P & B Silburt (1984), Feeding behavior of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi, in the field and laboratory. Environ. Biol. Fish.10: 209-214. Esociformes, Umbra.

Compagno, LJV (1999), Systematics and body form, inWC Hamlett [ed.], Sharks, Skates, and Rays: the Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp. 1-42. Batomorphii, Hypnosqualea, Squatinidae.

Compagno, LJV (1999a), Endoskeleton, inWC Hamlett [ed.], Sharks, Skates, and Rays: the Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp. 69-92. Batomorphii, Epibranchials, Hypnosqualea, Squatinidae.

Conrad, J & C Sidor (2001), Re-evaluation of Tetraceratops insignis (Synapsida: Sphenacodontia). J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 42A (abstract). Tetraceratops, Therapsida Overview.

Coombs, WP, Jr. & T Maryanska (1990), Ankylosauria in DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 456-483. Ankylosauria, Jugals.

Coombs, WP, Jr., DB Weishampel, & LM Witmer 1990), Basal Thyreophora, in DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 427-434. Genasauria, Scelidosauridae.

Cooper, A, C Lalueza-Fox, S Anderson, A Rambaut, J Austin & R Ward (2001), Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Nature409: 704-707. Ratites.

Cope, ED (1887), The dinosaurian genus Coelurus. Amer. Naturalist 21: 367-369. Coelurus.

Cote, S, R Carroll, R Cloutier & L Bar-Sagi (2002), Vertebral development in the Devonian sarcopterygian fish Eusthenopteron foordiand the polarity of vertebral evolution in non-amniote tetrapods. J. Vert. Paleontol.22: 487-502. Septomaxilla.

Couly, GF, PM Coltey & NM Le Douarin (1993), The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development 117: 409-429. The Basisphenoid.

Couly, G, S Creuzet, S Bennaceur, C Vincent & NM Le Douarin (2002), Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head. Development129: 1061-1073. Teeth.

Cox, B, RJG Savage, B Gardiner & D Dixon (1988), Collins Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Collins Publishers Aus. 312 pp. Eureptilia, Pliosauridae, Tapinocephalidae, Therapsida Overview.

Cracraft, J (1970), A new species of Telmabates Phoenicopteriformes) from the lower Eocene of Patagonia. Condor, 72: 479-480. Telmabates.

Cracraft, J (1974), Phylogeny and evolution of the ratite birds. Ibis116: 494-521. Ratites.

Cracraft, J (2001), Avian evolution, Gondwana biogeography and the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event.  Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 268: 459-469. Ratites.

Craig, JF, (1996), Population dynamics, predation and role in the community, inJF Craig [ed.], Pike Biology and Exploitation.Chapman & Hall, pp 201-217. Esociformes.

Crawford, RH (1974), Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralisBean. Can. J. Zool.52: 1221-5. Dallia, Esociformes, Esox Umbra.

Crompton, AW & P Parker (1978), Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus. Amer. Sci.66: 192-201. Procynosuchidae.

Crossman, EJ, (1996), Taxonomy and distribution inJF Craig [ed.], Pike Biology and Exploitation.Chapman & Hall, pp 1-11. Esociformes, Esox.

Cruickshank, ARI (1994), A juvenile plesiosaur (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic) of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosaurid-plesiosaurid intermediate? Zool. J. Linn. Soc.112: 151-178.  Eurycleidus.

Cruickshank, ARI & JA Long 1997), A new species of pliosaurid reptile from the Early Cretaceous Birdsong sandstone of Western Australia. Recs. W. Aus. Mus.18.  Eurycleidus.

Cruickshank, ARI, P Small & M Taylor (1991), Dorsal nostrils and hydrodynamically driven underwater olfaction in plesiosaurs. Nature352: 62-64. Rhomaleosaurus.

Cundall, D & DA Rossman (1993), Cephalic anatomy of the rare Indonesian snake Anomochilus weberi. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 109: 235-273. Anomochilidae, Cylindrophiidae, The Occiput, Palatines, Scolecophidia, Uropeltidae.

Cundall, D, V Wallach & DA Rossman (1993), The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 109: 275-299. Aniliidae; Anomochilidae; Cylindrophiidae; Scolecophidia; Serpentes, Uropeltidae.

Cuny, G, O Rieppel & PM Sander (2001), The shark fauna from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of North-Western Nevada. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.133:285-301. Mucrovenator , Palaeospinacidae, Synechodontiformes, Synechodus, Teeth.

Currie, PJ (1997), Braincase anatomy in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Academic Press, pp. 81-85. The Sphenethmoid.

Currie, PJ (1997a), Theropoda inPJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 731-737. Tyrannosaurinae.

Currie, PJ (2000), Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia, in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp 434-455. Alectrosaurus, Alxasaurus, Therizinosauridae, Therizinosauroidea, Tyrannosauridae, Tyrannosaurinae.

Currie, PJ (2003), Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Pal. Pol.48: 191–226.

Currie, PJ & K Carpenter (2000), A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22: 207-246.  Acrocanthosaurus, Allosauridae; Carcharodontosauridae, Carnosauria, Monolophosaurus, Sinraptoridae; Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae.

Currie, PJ & X-J Zhao (1993), A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Can J. Earth Sci. 30: 2037-2081. Allosauridae; Allosauroidea; Carnosauria; Jugals, Monolophosaurus; The Occiput; The Opisthotic, Sinraptoridae; Theropoda.

Czerkas, SA (1997), Skin, inCurrie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Academic Press, pp. 669-675. Titanosauridae.

-D-

Daeschler, EB (2000), Early tetrapod jaws from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA. J. Paleont.74: 301-308. Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Daeschler, EB, NH Shubin, KS Thomson & WW Amaral (1994), A Devonian tetrapod from North America. Science265: 639-642. Elginerpeton, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

Damiani, RJ (2001), A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli). Zool. J. Linn. Soc.133: 379-482.  Angusaurus, Dactylosaurus, Thoosuchinae, Trematosauridae, Trematosauroidea, Trematosaurus, Yarengia.

Dean, B (1906), Chimæroid fishes and their development. Carnegie Inst. Publs.#32. Chimaeroidei, Myriacanthoidei

deBraga, M & O Rieppel (1997) Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles, Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 120: 281-354. Champsosauridae, Neodiapsida, Pareiasuria, Pythonomorpha, Squamata, Velosauria.

deCarvalho, MR (1996), Higher-level elasmobranch phylogeny, basal squaleans, and paraphyly, in Stiassny, MLJ, LR Parenti & GD Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes, pp. 35-62. Academic Press. Batomorphii, Carcharhiniformes; Galeomorphii; Heterodontiformes, Hypnosqualea, Lamniformes; Neoselachii; Neoselachii Overview, Orectolobiformes, Pristiophoridae, Squalea, Squatinidae, Synechodontiformes, Synechodus.

Delgado, S, D Casane, L Bonnaud, M Laurin, J-Y Sire & M Girondot (2001), Molecular evidence for Precanbrian origin of amelogenin, the major protein of vertebrate enamel. Mol. Biol. Evol.18: 2146-2153. Teeth.

deMuizon, C & RL Cifelli (2000), The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the Early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22: 47-150. WWW.  Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna, Molars, Ungulata, Ungulatomorpha, Zhelestidae.

deMuizon C, RL Cifelli & LP Bergqvist (1998), Eutherian tarsals from the early Paleocene of Bolivia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 655-663. Didolodontidae

deRicqlès, A (1989), Les mécanismes hétérochroniques dans le retour des tétrapodes au milieu aquatique, in Colloque International du CNRS : Ontogénèse et Evolution, Dijon, septembre 1986, pp. 171-178. Pachypleurosauridae.

Deufel, A & D Cundall (2003), Feeding in Atractaspis(Serpentes: Atractaspididae): a study in conflicting functional constraints. Zoology106: 43-61. Septomaxilla.

Deufel, A & D Cundall (2003a), Prey transport in “palatine-erecting” elapid snakes. J. Morphol.258: 358–375. Septomaxilla.

Didier, DA, BJ Stahl & R Zangerl (1994), Development and growth of compound tooth plates in Callorhinchus milii(Chondrichthyes, Holocephali). J. Morphol.222: 73-89. Chimaeroidei, Cochliodontidae, Holocephali.

Dilkes, DW (1998), The Early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browniand the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B353: 501-541. Rhynchosauria.

Dilkes, DW & RR Reisz (1996), First record of a basal syanapsid ("mammal-like reptile") in Gondwana. Proc. Royal. Soc. Lond. B 263: 1165-1170. Aerosaurus, Elliotsmithia, Synapsida, Varanops, Varanopseidae.

Dinely (1976), New species of Ctenaspis(Ostracodermi) from the Devonian of Arctic Canada, inCS Churcher [ed.], Essays in Palaeontology in Honor of Loris Shano Russell. Royal Ont. Mus., pp. 73-89. Ctenaspis.  

Dineley, DL & EJ Loeffler (1976), Ostracoderm faunas of the Delorme and associated Siluro-Devonian formations, North West Territories, Canada. Palaeontol. Spec. Papers, 18: 214 pp. Corviaspididae.

Dodson, P (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs, Princeton, 346 pp. The Occiput.

Donoghue, PCJ (2002), Evolution of development of vertebrate teeth and scales: unravelling concepts, regulatory theories and homologies. Paleobiology, 28: 474-507. Teeth.

Donoghue, PCJ & MA Purnell (1999), Growth, function, and the conodont fossil record. Geology27: 251-254. Teeth.

Donoghue, PCJ & IJ Sansom (2002), Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy Res. & Tech.59: 352 - 372. Teeth.

Donoghue, PCJ & MP Smith (2001), The anatomy of Turinia pagei(Powrie), and the phylogenetic status of Thelodonti, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci.92: 15-37. Katoporida,  Teeth, Thelodonti, Thelodontidae, Turiniidae.

Donoghue, PCJ, PL Forey & RJ Aldridge 2000), Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny. Biol. Rev. 75: 191-251. Conodonta, Craniate Overview, Euconodonta, Ozarkodinida, Paraconodontida, Thelodonti, Vertebrata.

Douadya, CJ, PI Chatelierb, O Madsenc, WW de Jong, F Catzeflise, MS Springer, & MJ Stanhope (2002), Molecular phylogenetic evidence confirming the Eulipotyphla concept and in support of hedgehogs as the sister group to shrews, Mol. Phylo. Evol.25: 200-209. Insectivora

Doyle, KD & H-D Sues (1995) Phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic New Oxford Formation of York County, Pennsylvania, J. Vert. Paleontol.15: 545-553. Phytosauridae.

Dozo, MT (1996), Endocranial casts of Hegetotheriidae Notoungulates: a case of neuromorphological convergence between extinct south american ungulates and living rodents. J. Vert. Paleontol.16: 31A. Meridiungulata, Typotheria.

Dubrovo, IA & AE Sanders (2000), A new species of Patriocetus(Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Oligocene of Kazakhstan. J. Vert. Paleontol.20: 577-590. Dactylosaurus, Squalodontidae.

Dubuisson, J-Y, P Rachebouf, & P Janvier (2003), Du Silurien au Devonien: les sorties des eaux in P. Janvier & V. Dupres [eds.] 2003-2005), Evolution: De l'Origine de la Vie aux Origines de l'Homme. WWW. Tetrapoda.

Dudley, R (1998), Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor performance. J. Exper. Biol.201, 1043–1050. Tetrapoda.

Duffin, CJ & D Delsate (1993), A new myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.1993: 669-680. Chimaeriformes, Chimaeroidei, Holocephali, Myriacanthoidei.

Düttmann, H, H-H Bergmann, & W Engländer 1998), Development and behavior, inJM Starck & RE Ricklefs eds.), Avian Growth and Development. Oxford Univ. Press., pp. 223-246. Ciconiiformes

Dyke, GJ (1998), Does archosaur phylogeny hinge on the ankle joint? J. Vert. Paleontol.18: 558-562. Archosauria.

Dyke, G (2000), The fossil waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Tertiary of England. J. Vert. Paleontol.20: 39A. Anseres, Anatalavis.

Dyke, GJ (2001), The fossil waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England. Amer. Mus. Nov.No. 3354, 15 pp. WWW. Anatalavis.

Dzik, J (2000), The Origin of the Mineral Skeleton in Chordates. Evol. Bio.31: 105-154. Teeth.

-E-

Edwards, SV, B Fertil, A Giron & PJ Deschavanne (2002), A genomic schism in birds revealed by phylogenetic analysis of DNA strings. Syst. Biol.51: 599-613. Ratites.

Ekdale EG, JD Archibald & AO Averianov (2004), Petrosal bones of placental mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. Acta Pal. Pol. 49: 161–176. Glossary.

Ensom, P & D Sigogneau-Russell (2000), New symmetrodonts (Mammalia, Theria) from the Purbeck Limestone Group, Lower Cretaceous, southern England. Cretaceous Res. 21: 767-779. Symmetrodonta, Tinodontidae

Ericson, PGP (1997), Systematic relationships of the paleogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 121: 429-483. Anatidae, Anhimidae, Anseriformes, Presbyornithidae, Telmabates.

Ericson, PGP (1999), New material of Juncitarsus(Phoenicopteriformes), with a guide for differentiating that genus from the Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes), Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol.89: 245-251. Presbyornis, Presbyornithidae.

Estes, RD, TH Frazzetta, & EE Williams 1970), Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward: part I. Cranial morphology. Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140: 25-73. Scolecophidia.

Estes, RD & FdeBSyG deAvalle (1982), Early Cretaceous lower vertebrates from Galva (Teruel), Spain. J. Vert. Paleontol. 2: 21-39. Genasauria

Evans, SE & D Sigogneau-Russell 1997), New sphenodontians (Diapsida: Rhynchocephalis) from the Early Cretaceous of North Africa. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 45-51. Sphenodontidae.

-F-

Fagerlund, S (2004?), Acoustics and physical models of bird sounds. WWW.

Fairman, JE (1999), Prosauropod and Iguanodont Jaw Musculature: A Study on the Evolution of Form and Function. Unpub. M.A. thesis, Johns Hopkins Univ., 95 pp. Hadrocodium

Farlow, JO & TR Holtz, Jr. (2002), The fossil record of predation in dinosaurs inM Kowalewski & PH Kelley [eds.], The Fossil Record of Predation. The Paleontological Society Papers 8: 251-266. WWW.  Tyrannosauroidea.

Farlow, JO, MB Smith & JM Robinson (1995), Body mass, bone "strength indication," and cursorial potential of Tyrannosaurus rex. J. Vert. Paleontol.15: 713-725. Tyrannosauroidea.

Feduccia, A (1999), The Origin and Evolution of Birds (2nd ed.). Yale Univ. Press, 466 pp. Anhimidae, Aves, Charadriomorpha Overview, Gallinuloididae, Genasauria, Lepidosauriformes, Ornithurae, Presbyornithidae.

Fish, FE (1998), Biomechanical perspective on the origin of cetacean flukes inJGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 303-323. Basilosauridae.

Flynn, JJ, DA Croft, R Charrier, G Hérail & AR Wyss 2002), The first Cenozoic mammal fauna from the Chilean Altiplano. J. Vert Paleontol.22: 200-206.

Flynn, JJ, JM Parrish, B Rakotosamimanana, WF Simpson, RL Whatley & AR Wyss (1999), A Triassic fauna from Madagascar, including early dinosaurs. Science 286: 763-765. Sauropodomorpha.

Fordyce, RE & LG Barnes (1994), The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. An. Rev. Earth & Planet. Sci.22: 419-455. Autoceta, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Mysticeti, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea, Remingtonocetidae, Rhabdosteidae.

Forey, PL (1981), The coelacanth Rhabdodermain the British Isles. Palaeontology24: 203-229. Actinistia, Diplocercides, Rhabdoderma.

Forey, PL (1998), History of the Coelacanth Fishes. Chapman & Hall, 419 pp. Actinistia, Allenypterus, Caridosuctor, Diplocercides, Euporosteus, Hadronector, Lochmocercus, Miguashaia, Polyosteorhynchus, Rhabdoderma.

Forey, PL, PE Ahlberg , E Lukševičs & I Zupinš (2000), A new coelacanth from the Middle Devonian of Latvia. J. Vert Paleontol. 20: 243-252. Actinistia, Diplocercides, Miguashaia, Sarcopterygii.

Forster, CA, SD Sampson, LM Chiappe & DW Krause (1998), The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 279: 1915-1919 Metornithes, Patagonykus.

Fostowicz-Frelik, L & Z Kielan-Jaworowska 2002), Lower incisor in zalambdalestid mammals (Eutheria) and its phylogenetic implications. Acta Pal. Pol.47: 177-180. Glires,  Zalambdalestidae.

Fox, RC (1985), Upper molar structure in the Late Cretaceous symmetrodont Symmetrodontoides Fox, and a classification of the Symmetrodonta (Mammalia). J. Paleontol. 59:21-26. Kuehneotheriidae, Spalacotheriidae, Symmetrodonta, Tinodontidae.

Franzosa, J & T Rowe (2005), Cranial endocast of the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis. J. Vert. Paleontol.25: 859-864. Acrocanthosaurus.

Freeman, EF (1979), A Middle Jurassic mammals bed from Oxfordshire. Palaeontology22: 135-166.  Amphilestes.

Frey, E & Reiss, J (1982), Considerations concerning plesiosaur locomotion. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 164: 188-192. Plesiosauria.

Frieß, M [Friess] (2003), An application of the relative warps analysis to problems in human paleontology - with notes on raw data quality. Image Anal. Stereol.22: 63-72. Holopterygius.

Friedman, M & MI Coates (2005), A newly recognized fossil coelacanth highlights the early morphological diversification of the clade. Proc. Roy. Soc. Bio. 273: 245-250. Holopterygius, Sarcopterygii: Dendrogram.

Frost, DR, WC Wozencraft & RS Hoffman (1991) Phylogenetic relationships of hedgehogs and gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool.#518, 69 pp. Erinaceinae, Erinaceomorpha, Hylomyinae.

-G-

Gabbert, SL (2004), The basicranial and posterior cranial anatomy of the families of the Toxodontia inGC Gould & SK Bell [eds.], Tributes to Malcolm C. McKenna : His Students, His Legacy. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 177-190 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. #285: 177-190). WWW.

Gabbott, SE, RJ Aldridge & JN Theron 1995), A giant conodont with preserved muscle tissue from the Upper Ordovician of South Africa. Nature 374: 800-803. Euconodonta.

Gaffney, ES & PA Meylan (1988), A phylogeny of turtles, in MJ Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, 1: 157-219. Jugals,  Podcnemoidae

Galton, PM (1978), Fabrosauridae, the basal family of ornithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithopoda). Paläontol. Zeit. 52: 138-159. Genasauria

Galton, PM (1986), Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs, inK Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 203-221. Heterodontosauridae, Prosauropoda, Vulcanodontidae.

Galton, PM (1990), Stegosauria, inDB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 435-455. Eurypoda; Huayangosauridae; Stegosauria, Stegosauridae.

Galton, PM (1990a), Basal Sauropodomorpha inDB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press. Massospondylidae,  Prosauropoda.

Galton, PM (1997), Stegosaurs, in Farlow, JO & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, pp. 291-306. Huayangosauridae, Stegosauria, Stegosauridae

Gao, K & RC Fox (1998), New choristoderes Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and phylogenetic relationships of Choristodera. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 124: 303-353. Champsosauridae; Neochoristodera.

Garner, JP, GK Taylor & ALR Thomas (1999), On the origin of birds: the sequence of character acquisition in the evolution of avian flight. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 266: 1259-1266. Aves

Gasparini, Z (1984), New Tertiary Sebecosuchia (Crocodylia: Mesosuchia) from Argentina. J. Vert. Paleontol. 4: 85-95. Sebecosuchidae

Gaudant, J & FJ Meunier 1996), Observation d'un cas de pachyostose chez un Clupeidae fossile du Miocène terminal de l'ouest Algérien, Sardina ? crassa(Sauvage, 1873). Cybium20: 169-83. Pachypleurosauridae

Gaudin, TJ (1991), A re-examination of elasmobranch monophyly and chondrichthyan phylogeny. N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläont. Abh.182: 133-160. Synechodus

Gauthier J.A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences8: 1-55. Ornithosuchidae, Prestosuchidae

Gauthier, J, K deQuieroz, & R Estes (1988), A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha, in R Estes & G Pregill eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families, Stanford U. Press, pp. 15-98. Lepidosauriformes

Gauthier, J, AG Kluge & T Rowe (1988), The early evolution of the Amniota, inMJ Benton (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Clarendon Press, pp. 103-155. Testudines

Gee, H. (1999), In Search of Deep Time, Free Press. Aves

Geisler, JH (2001), New morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae. Amer. Mus. Nov.No. 3344, 53 pp. Anoplotheroidea.

Gendron-Maguire, M, M Mallo, M Zhang & T Gridley (1993), Hoxa-2 mutant mice exhibit homeotic transformation of skeletal elements derived from cranial neural crest. Cell 75: 1317-1331 (abstract only). Meckel's Cartilage

Gheerbrant, E, J Sudre, M Iarochene & A Moumni (2001), First ascertained African "condylarth" mammals primitive ungulates: c.f.Bulbulodentata and c.f.Phenacodonta) from the Earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco. J. Vert. Paleontol.21: 107-118. Meridiungulata.

Gilbert, SF (2000), Developmental Biology, 6th ed. Sinauer Associates: 749 pp. The Basisphenoid, Teeth

Gilbert, SG (1968), Pictoral Anatomy of the Cat. U. Washington Press, 120 pp.

Gillis JA & PCJ Donoghue (2007), The homology and phylogeny of chondrichthyan tooth enameloid. J. Morph. 268: 33-49. Teeth.

Gingerich, PD (1998), Paleobiological perspectives on Mesonychia, Archaeoceti, and the origin of whales inJGM Thewissen [ed.] The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 423-449.   Ambulocetidae, Autoceta, Cetacea, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Dorudon, Mysticeti, Protocetidae, Remingtonocetidae.

Gingerich, PD & MD Uhen (1998), Likelihood estimation of the time of origin of Cetacea and the time of divergence of Cetacea and Artiodactyla. Palaeontologia Electronica. WWW.Autoceta, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Pakicetidae, Protocetidae.

Gingerich, PD, SM Raza, M Arif, M Anwar & X-Y Zhou 1994), New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacean swimming. Nature368: 844-847.  Protocetidae.

Gingerich, PD, M ulHaq, IS Zalmout, IH Khan, & MS Malkani (2001), Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242. Protocetidae.

Ginter, M. (2002), Chondrichthyan fauna of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary beds in Poland. Acta Pal. Pol.47: 329–338. WWW. Strunius

Gleiberman, AS, NG Fedtsova & MG Rosenfeld (1999), Tissue interactions in the induction of anterior pituitary: role of the ventral diencephalon, mesenchyme, and notochord. Devel. Biol. 213: 340-353. The Basisphenoid

Godfrey, SJ (1984), Plesiosaur sub-aqueous locomotion: a reappraisal. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh.11: 661-672. Plesiosauria

Godfrey, SJ (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani Romer, 1969. Phil. Trans. R. Soc (Lond.), B323: 75-133. Colosteidae.

Gower, DJ (2002), Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.136: 49-76. Aetosauridae, Batrachotomus, Crocodylomorpha, The Ear, Euparkeriidae, Phytosauridae; Prestosuchidae, Saurosuchus, Suchia.

Gower, DJ & AG Sennikov (2000), Early Archosaurs from Russia inMJ Benton, EN Kurochkin, MA Shishkin & DM Unwin [eds.], The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 140-159. Euparkeriidae, Rauisuchidae.

Gower, DJ & AD Walker (2002), New data on the braincase of the aetosaurian archosaur (Reptilia: Diapsida) Stagonolepis robertsoniAgassiz, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.136: 1-7.  Archosaurian Anatomy and Palaeontology: Essays in Memory of Alick D. Walker, DB Norman & DJ Gower [eds.] abstract. Aetosauridae, Stagonolepis, Suchia.

Gower, DJ & E Weber (1998), The braincase of Euparkeria, and the evolutionary relationships of birds and crocodilians. Biol. Rev.73: 367-411. Euparkeriidae.

Grande, L & WE Bemis (1996), Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes, with comments on "Chondrostei", in Stiassny, MLJ, LR Parenti & GD Johnson, Interrelationships of Fishes, pp. 85-115. Academic Press. Acipenseriformes, Amiiformes, Birgeriidae, Chondrostei.

Grande, L & WE Bemis (1998), A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy. An empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history. Soc. Vert. Paleontol. Mem. #4.  J. Vert Paleontol. 18 (supp.): 1-681. Amiidae, Amiiformes, Amiinae, Amiopsis, Caturoidea, Epibranchials, Dactylosaurus, Ginglymodi, Halecomorphi, Hypohyal, Ionoscopiformes, Lepisosteiformes, Neopterygia (Overview), Parasemionotidae, Sinamiidae, Solnhofenamia, Vidalamiinae.

Greene, HW (1997), Snakes: the Evolution of Mystery in Nature. U. Calif. Press, 351 pp. Scolecophidia.

Gregory JT (1945), Osteology and relationships of Trilophosaurus. Univ. Tex. Publ. No. 4401: 273-359.

Gregory JT (1969), Evolution und interkontinentale beziehungen der Phytosauria (Reptilia). Paläontol. Zeit.43: 37-51. Phytosauria

Gregory, WK (1951), Evolution Emerging: a Survey of Changing Patterns from Primeval Life to Man. New York, Macmillan, 2 vol. Aetosaurus

Gregory, WT (1926), The skeleton of Moschops capensisBroom, a dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.56: 179-251. Tapinocephalidae.

Gritli-Linde, A, M Bei, R Maas, X-YM Zhang, A Linde & AP McMahon (2002), Shhsignaling within the dental epithelium is necessary for cell proliferation, growth and polarization. Development129: 5323-5337. Teeth

Grogan, ED, R Lund & D Didier (1999), Description of the chimaerid jaw and its phylogenetic origins. J. Morphol.239: 45-59. Holocephali.

-H-

Haddrath, O & AJ Baker (2004), Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B  268: 939-945. Ratites.

Halstead, LB (1973), The heterostracan fishes. Biol. Rev. 48: 279-332. Amphiaspidida, Corvaspis, Drepanaspis, Guerichosteidae, Protaspididae, Psammolepis, Psammosteida, Psammosteidae, Pteraspidomorphi, Pycnosteidae.

Hampe, O (1992), Ein grosswuechsiger pliosauride Reptilia: Plesiosauria) aus der Unterkreide (oberes Aptium) von Kolumbien. Courier Forsch. Senckenberg. 145: 1-32. Kronosaurus.

Hanke, GF & MVH Wilson (2006), Anatomy of the Early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesibased on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins. J. Vert. Paleontol.26: 526-537. Acanthodii.

Hancox, PJ & BA Rubidge (1997), The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo basin. Palaeontol. Afr.33: 41-54. Therapsida Overview

Harris, SR, DJ Gower & M Wilkinson 2003), Intraorganismal homology, character construction, and the phylogeny of aetosaurian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida). Syst. Biol.52: 239-252. [review/synopsis by Stephan Pickering Willis O'Brien's aetosaur in the spider pit at Paleo-Boy's Dinosaur Discussion List]  Aetosaurus, Stagonolepis, Neoaetosauroides  

Harrison, GL, PA McLenachan, MJ Phillips, KE Slack, A Cooper & D Penny (2004), Four new avian mitochondrial genomes help get to basic evolutionary questions in the Late Cretaceous. Mol. Biol. Evol.21: 974–983.   Ratites.

Head, JJ (1998), A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 718-738. Hadrosauridae, Hadrosauroidea, Iguanodontidae, Jugals, Lambeosaurinae; Ouranosaurus.

Head, JJ (2001), A reanalysis of the phylogenetic position of Eolambia caroljonesa (Dinosauria, Iguanodontia). J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 392-396. Ouranosaurus.

Heads, M (2005), Dating nodes on molecular phylogenies: a critique of molecular biogeography. Cladistics.  21: 62-78. Ratites.

Hecht, MK (1959), Amphibians and reptiles, in PO McGrew (ed.), The geology and paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area, Wyoming. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117: 130-146. Aniliidae; Cylindrophiidae; Serpentes.

Heckert, AB & SG Lucas (1999), A new aetosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Texas and the phylogeny of aetosaurs, J. Vert. Paleontol., 19: 50-68. Aetosauridae, Aetosaurus, Coahomasuchus, Desmatosuchus, Longosuchus, Paratypothorax.

Heckert, AB & SG Lucas (2002) South American occurences of the Adamanian (Late Triassic: Latest Carnian) index taxon Stagonolepis(Archosauria: Aetosauria) and their biochronological significance, J. Paleontol., 76: 852-863.  Stagonolepis.

Heckert, AB & SG Lucas (2003), Clarifying aetosaur phylogeny requires more fossils, not more trees -- Reply to Intraorganismal homology, character construction, and the phylogeny of aetosaurian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida). Syst. Biol.52: 253-255. Aetosauridae.

Heckert, AB, SG Lucas & JD Harris 1999), An aetosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, inVL Santucci & L McClelland [eds.], Paleontology of the National Parks, Geologic Resources Division Technical ReportNPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-99/03. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.pp. 23-26  Aetosauridae, Coahomasuchus, Stagnolepis.

Hedges, SB & LL Poling (1999), A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science283: 998-1001. Archosauria.

Hedges, SB, MD Simmons, MAM vanDijk, G-J Caspers, WW deJong & CG Sibley (1995), Phylogenetic relationships of the hoatzin, an enigmatic South American bird. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 11662-11665. Cuculiformes.

Hetzer-Egger, C, M Schorpp & T Boehm (2000), Evolutionary conservation of gene structures of the Pax1/9gene family. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1492: 517-521. Teeth

Hildebrand, M (1974), Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. John Wiley & Sons, 710 pp. Ear

Hill, RV, LM Witmer & MA Norell (2003), A new specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri(Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: ontogeny and phylogeny of ankylosaurs. Am. Mus. Nov.  No. 3395, 29 pp. WWW. Septomaxilla.

Hillenius, WJ (1994), Turbinates in therapsids: evidence for Late Permian origins of mammalian endothermy. Evolution48: 207-229. Thrinaxodon.

Hillenius, WJ (2000), The Septomaxilla of non-mammalian synapsids: soft-tissue correlates and a new functional interpretation. J. Morphol.245: 29-50. Septomaxilla.

Hoang, AM, RJ Klebe, B Steffensen, OH Ryu, JP Simmer & DL Cochran (2002), Amelogenin is a cell adhesion protein. J. Dent. Res.81: 497-500. Teeth

Holman, JA (2000), Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana Univ. Press, 359 pp. Alethinophidia; Aniliidae

Holmes, R (1984), The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheeleriRomer and the early evolution of tetrapods, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 306: 431-527. Embolomeri.

Holmes R, Y-N Cheng & X-C Wu (2008), New information on the skull of Keichousaurus hui(Reptilia: Sauropterygia) with comments on sauropterygian interrelationships. J. Vert. Paleont. 28: 76-84.

Holtz, TR, Jr.(1995), The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia), J. Vert. Paleontol. 14: 480-519. Multituberculata.

Holtz, TR, Jr. (1996a), Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J. Paleontol. 70: 536-538. Maniraptora, Maniraptoriformes, Multituberculata.

Holtz, TR, Jr. (2000), A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia15: 5-61. WWW. Tyrannosauroidea.

Holtz, TR, Jr. (2001), Pedigree of the tyrant kings: new information on the origin and evolution of the Tyrannosauridae. J. Vert Paleontol. 21: 62A-63A. Note: this is the abstract of a paper which included a new, unpublished phylogenetic analysis of the Theropoda. Further details of the paper, including much of the cladogram, were reported by Micky Mortimer at Details on SVP 2001 Friday talks. Coelurus, Tyrannosauridae.

Holtz, TR, Jr. (2001a), The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae inK Carpenter & D Tanke [eds.], Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 64-83.  Albertosaurus, Alectrosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tyrannosauridae, Tyrannosaurinae, Tyrannosauroidea.

Hope, S (2002), The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes, inLM Chiappe & LM Witmer [eds.], Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of the Dinosaurs. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 339-388. Anatidae, Anatoidea, Anseres, Neornithes, Presbyornithidae.

Hopson, JA (1969), The Origin and Adaptive Radiation of Mammal-Like Reptiles and Non-Therian Mammals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.167: 199-216. Therapsida Overview, Theriodonta

Hopson, JA (1991), Systematics of the nonmammalian Synapsida and implications for patterns of evolution in synapsids, inH-P Schultze & L Trueb [eds], Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus. Comstock, pp. 635-693. Cynodontia, Dvinia, Edaphosauridae, Epicynodontia, Ianthasaurus, Parathrinaxodon, Procynosuchus.

Hopson, JA & HR Barghusen (1986), An analysis of therapsid relationships in N Hotton, III, PD MacLean, JJ Roth & EC Roth, The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles, Smithsonian Inst. Press, pp. 83-106. Cynodontia, Dvinia, Eotitanosuchia, Epicynodontia, Galesauridae, Procynosuchidae, Sphenacodontia, Therapsida.

Hopson, JA & JW Kitching (1972), A Revised Classification of the Cynodonts (Reptilia; Therapsida), Paleontol. Afr., 14: 17-85. Cynognathidae, Oligokyphus, Trithelodontidae, Tritylodon.

Hopson, JA & JW Kitching (2001), A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of non-mammalian cynodonts. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.156: 5-35. Cynodontia, Epicynodontia.

Horn, PL, JA Rafalski & PJ Whitehead (1996), Molecular genetic (RAPD) analysis of breeding magpie geese. Auk113: 552-557.  Anseranas.

Hu, Y, Y Wang, Z-X Luo, & C Li (1997), A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution. Nature 390:137-142. Gobiconodon, Hadrocodium, Monotremata, Spalacotheriidae, Spalacotheroidea, Symmetrodonta.

Hua, S & E Buffetaut (1997), Introduction, in JM Callaway & EL Nichols (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles, Academic Press pp. 357-374. Crocodyliformes, Dyrosauridae.

Hughes, JM (1996), Phylogenetic analysis of the Cuculidae (Aves, Cuculiformes) using behavioral and ecological characters. Auk113: 10-22. Cuculidae.

Hughes, JM & AJ Baker (1999), Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) resolved using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 1300-1307 (reviewed abstract only). Cuculiformes.

Hulbert RC Jr, RM Petkewich, GA Bishop, D Bukry & DP Aleshire 1998), A new Middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia. J. Paleont.72: 907-927.  Georgiacetus, Protocetidae.

Hurlburt G (1999), Comparison of body mass estimation techniques, using Recent reptiles and the pelycosaur Edaphosaurus boanerges. J. Vert Paleontol. 19: 338– 350. Edaphosaurus, Ianthasaurus.

Hurum, JH & PJ Currie (2000), The crushing bite of tyrannosaurids. J. Vert. Paleontol.20: 619-621. Tyrannosauroidea, Tyrannosaurini.

Hutchinson, JR (2001), The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds Neornithes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc.131: 123-168. Cetacea, Dipnomorpha, Tyrannosauroidea.

Hutchinson, JR (2001a), The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 131: 169-197. Cetacea, Tyrannosauroidea.

Hutchinson, JR (2004), Biomechanical modeling and sensitivity analysis of bipedal running ability. I. Extant taxa. J. Morphol.262: 421-440. Neornithes, Ratites.

Hutchinson, JR & LR Chiappe (1998), The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. J. Vert. Paleontol.18: 447-450. Mononykinae, Mononykus, Suvuuia.

Hutchinson, JR & M Garcia (2002) Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner. Nature415: 1018-1021. Tyrannosauroidea.

Hutchinson, JR & SM Gatesy (2000), Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 734-751. Pterodactyloidea, Tyrannosauroidea.

Hutt, S, D Naish, DM Martill, MJ Barker & P Newbery 2001), A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Res.22: 227-242. Alectrosaurus, Coelurosauria, Eotyrannus, Ornithomimosauria, Tetanurae.

Huttenlocker A, E Rega & SS Sumida (2007), New histological investigations of hyperelongate neural spines in eupelycosaurs (Amniota: Synapsida) and the affinities of Lupeosaurus kayi. J. Vert. Paleont. 27: 93A (abstr.). Edaphosauridae, Ianthasaurus.

Huxley, TH (1859), On the theory of the vertebrate skull. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.9: 381-457, reprinted WWW.  frequently cited 1858, the date of the underlying Croonian Lecture, but apparently not published until the following year. Also sometimes cited to Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.  We're not sure which is correct.)   

Huysentruyt, F & D Adriaens (2005), Descriptive osteology of Corydoras aeneus(Siluriformes: Callichthyidae). Cybium, 29: 261-273.  Diplocercides.

-I-

Ivakhnenko, MF (1999), Biarmosuches from the Ocher faunal assemblage of Eastern Europe. Paleontol. J. 33: 289-296. Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Therapsida Overview

-J-

Jalil, N-E (1997), A new prolacertiform diapsid from the Triassic of North Africa and the interrelationships of the Prolacertiformes. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 506-525. Trilophosaridae

Janis, CM & J Damuth (1990), Mammals, in K McNamara (ed.) Evolutionary Trends. Belhaven Press. Synapsida Overview

Janis, CM, JM Theodor & B Boisvert (2002), Locomotor evolution in camels revisited: a quantitative analysis of pedal anatomy and the evolution of the pacing gait. J. Vert. Paleontol.22: 110-121. Poebrotherium, Stenomylinae.

Janvier, P (1980), Osteolepid remains from the Middle East with particular reference to the endoskeletal shoulder girdle, inAL Panchen [ed.], The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Systematics Assoc. Spec. Pub.15: 223-254. Megalichthyidae, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes.

Janvier, P (1981), The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil ‘agnathans’. J. Vert Paleontol.1: 121-159. Amphiaspidida, Ctenaspis.

Janvier, P (1995), Conodonts join the club. Nature 374: 761-762. Euconodonta.

Janvier, P (1996), Early Vertebrates, Oxford, 393 pp. Actinistia, Actinolepida, Actinolepidoidei, Actinopteri, Actinopterygii, Amphiaspidida, Anaspida, Antiarcha, Apalolepididae, Arandaspida, Astraspidae, Asterolepidoidei, Ateleaspis, Benneviaspidida, Birgeriidae, Bothriolepidoidei, Canowindridae, Cephalaspidida, Chimaeroidei, Cochliodontidae, Chondrostei, Chuchinolepidae, Cornuata, Corviaspididae, Craniate Overview, Ctenaspis, Dipnomorpha, Drepanaspis, Elpistostegalia, Epibranchials, Euantiarcha, Eugaleaspidiformes, Galeaspida, Gulars, Hemicyclaspis, Heterostraci, Heterostracomorphi, Huananaspidiformes, Hypohyal, Ichthyostega, Iniopterygii, Jugals, Kiaeraspidida, Lanarkia, Loganellia, Loganiidae, Meckel's Cartilage, Megalichthyidae, Microbrachiidae, Osteichthyes, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Phlebolepis, Polybranchiaspidida, Polybranchiaspidiformes, Porolepiformes, Psammosteida; Pteraspidida, Rhenanida, Rhizodontiformes, Sarcopterygii Overview, Saurichthyidae, Sinolepidae, Symmoriida, Teeth, Thelodonti, Thyestiida, Youngolepis, Yunnanolepidae, Yunnanolepidoidei Zenaspidida.

Janvier, P (1999), Catching the first fish. Nature 402: 21-22. Craniata.

Janvier, P & A Blieck (1993), The Silurian-Devonian Agnathan Biostratigraphy of the Old Red Continent inJA Long (ed.), Palaeozoic Vertebrate Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp.70-73. Craniate Overview, Heterostraci, Psammosteida, Thelodonti.

Jared, C, CA Navas & RC Toledo (1999) An appreciation of the physiology and morphology of the caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Comp. Biochem & Physiol. A 123: 313-328. Gymnophiona.

Jarvik, E (1980), Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates, Academic Press, 1: 575 pp. Actinistia, Diplocercides.

Jarvik, E 1996), The Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega. Fossils & Strata40: 1–213.  Elginerpeton, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda.

Jenkins, FA, SM Gatesy, NH Shubin & WW Amaral (1997), Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution. Nature 385: 715-718. Haramiyida, Multituberculata.

Jenkins Jr., FA & CR Schaff (1988), The Early Cretaceous mammal Gobiconodon(Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the Cloverly Formation in Montana. J. Vert. Paleontol.8: 1-24. Gobiconodon.

Jenkins, FA & DM Walsh 1993), An Early Jurassic caecilian with limbs. Nature 365: 246-250. Eocaecilia, Jugals.

Jernvall, J, SVE Keränen & I Thesleff (2000), Evolutionary modification of development in mammalian teeth: quantifying gene expression patterns and topography. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)97: 14444-14448. Teeth.

Jessen, H (1973), Weitere fischreste aus dem Oberen Plattenkalk der Bergisch-Gladbach Paffrather Mulde (Oberdevon Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Palaeontographica A143: 159-187.  Diplocercides, Holopterygius.

Ji,Q, Z-X Luo & S-A Ji (1999), A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Nature 398: 326-330. Gobiconodon, Hadrocodium.

Ji, Q, Z-X Luo, C-X Yuan, JR Wible , J-P Zhang & JA Georgi (2002), The earliest eutherian mammal. Nature416: 816-822. Gobiconodon, Priacodon, Triconodonta.

Johanson, Z (1997), New antiarchs (Placodermi) from the Hunter Siltstone (Famennian) near Grenfell, N.S.W. Alcheringa, 21: 191-217. Antiarcha

Johanson, Z (1997a), New Remigolepis Placodermi; Antiarcha) from Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia. Geol. Mag. 134: 813-846. Antiarcha

Johanson, Z (1998), The Upper Devonian fish Bothriolepis Placodermi; Antiarchi) from near Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia. Rec. Aus. Mus. 50: 315-348. Antiarcha; Bothriolepidoidei.

Johanson, Z & PE Ahlberg 1997), New tristichopterid (Osteolepiformes; Sarcopterygii) from the Mandagery Sandstone (Famennian) near Canowindra, N.S.W., Australia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.88: 39-53. Cabonnichthys, Eusthenopteron, Mandageria, Megalichthyidae, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Panderichthys, Rhizodontiformes, Tristichopteridae.

Johanson, Z & MM Smith (2003), Placoderm fishes, pharyngeal denticles, and the vertebrate dentition. J. Morphol.257: 289 - 307. Teeth

Johanson, Z & GC Young (1999), New Bothriolepis Antiarcha: Placodermi) from the Braidwood region, New South Wales, Australia Middle-Late Devonian). Rec. Aus Mus. Supp. 57: 55-75. Antiarcha

Johanson, Z, PE Ahlberg & A Ritchie 2003), The braincase and palate of the tetrapodomorph sarcopterygian Mandageria fairfaxi: morphological variability near the fishtetrapod transition. Palaeontology46: 271–293. Ichthyostega, Mandageria, Panderichthys, Rhipidistia, Sarcopterygii.

Johnson, GD & C Patterson (1997), Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes inMLJ Stiassny, LR Parenti & GD Johnson [eds.], Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, pp. 251-332. Argentiniformes, Dallia, Epibranchials, Esocidae, Esociformes, Esox, Neognathi, Neoteleostei, Novumbra, Salmoniformes, Umbra.

Jollie, M (1975), Development of the head skeleton and pectoral girdle in Esox. J. Morphol.147: 61-88. Esociformes, Esox.

Jones, TD, JA Ruben, LD Martin, EN Kurochkin, A Feduccia, PFA Maderson, WJ Hillenius, NR Geist, & V Alifanov (2000), Nonavian feathers in a late Triassic archosaur. Science 288: 2202-2205. Archosauriformes, Pterodactyloidea.

Jung, H-S, Y Hitoshi & H-J Kim (2003), Study on Tooth Development, Past, Present, and Future. Microsc. Res. & Tech.60: 480–482. Teeth

Juul, L (1994), The phylogeny of basal archosaurs. Palaeont. Afr., 1994: 1-38. Archosauria, Gracilisuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Paracrocodylomorpha.

-K-

Karatajute-Talimaa, VN (2002), Lower Devonian Lochkovian) Thelodonts from October Revolution Island (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russia), Geodiversitas24: 791-804. Furcacaudiformes, Thelodontida, Thelodontidae, Turiniidae.

Karatajute-Talimaa, VN & T Marss (2002), Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia), Geodiversitas24: 405-443. Loganiidae, Phlebolepis, Thelodontidae.

Kardong, KV (1998), Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, McGraw-Hill, 747 pp. Incus.

Kardong, KV & EJ Zalisko (1998), Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy: a Laboratory Dissection Guide, WCB McGraw-Hill, 214 pp. Protocetidae.

Karhu, AA & AS Rautian (1996), A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontol. J.30: 583-592. Parvicursor.

Kellner, AWA (1997), Reinterpretation of a remarkably well preserved pterosaur soft tissue from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 718-722. Pterodactyloidea.

Kellner, AWA & W Langston, Jr. (1996), Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 222-231. Azhdarchoidea; Ornithocheiroidea; Pterodactyloidea.

Kellogg, EA & ND Juliano (1997), The Structure and function of RuBisCo and their implications for systematic studies. Amer. J. Bot.84: 413–428.  Acanthostega.

Kemp, NE (1999), Integumentary system and teeth, inWC Hamlett [ed.], Sharks, Skates, and Rays: the Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp. 43-68. Batomorphii, Hypnosqualea.

Kemp, TS (1982), Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals. Academic Press. Bolotridon, Cynodontia, Cynosaurus, Dvinia, Epicynodontia, Galesauridae, Galesaurus, Procynosuchidae, Procynosuchus, Thrinaxodon.

Kermack, KA (1963), The cranial structure of the triconodonts. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.243: 83-103. Cynodontia, Triconodontidae, Trioracodon.

Kermack, KA, F Mussett & HW Rigney (1981), The skull of Morganucodon. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 1-158. Jugals, Morganucodontidae.

Kettler, MK & GS Whitt (1986), An apparent progressive and recurrent evolutionary restriction in tissue expression of a gene, the lactate dehydrogenase-C gene, within a family of bony fish Salmoniformes: Umbridae). J. Mol. Evol.23: 95-107. Esociformes.

Kettler, MK, AW Ghent & GS Whitt (1986), A comparison of phylogenics based on structural and tissue-expression differences of enzymes in a family of teleost fishes (Salmoniformes: Umbridae). Mol. Biol. & Evol.3: 485-498. WWW.  Dallia, Novumbra, Umbra.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z & JH Hurum (1997), Djadochtatheria -- a new suborder of multituberculate mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 42: 201-242. Cimolodonta; Gondwanatheria.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z, RL Cifelli & Z-X Luo (2002), Dentition and relationships of the Jurassic mammal Shuotherium. Acta Palaeontol. Pol.47: 479–486. WWW. Australosphenida.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z, MJ Novacek, BA Trofimov & D Dashzeveg (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia, in MJ Benton, MA Shshkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 573-626. Cimolodonta; Gobiconodon, Multituberculata, Triconodonta, Zalambdalestidae, Zhelestidae.

King, GM (1988), Anomodontia, in Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gutsav Fischer Verlag. Part 17 C. Anteosauria, Brithopus, Chthomaloporus, Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalia.

King, GM (1990), The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology, Chapman & Hall. Dicynodontia

Kioussi, C, S O'Connell, L Saint-Onge, M Trier, AS Gleiberman, P Gruss & MG Rosenfeld (1999), Pax6 is essential for establishing ventral-dorsal cell boundaries in pituitary gland development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 96: 14378-14382. The Basisphenoid.

Kirkland, JI & MC Aguillón-Martínez 2002), Schizorhina: a unique sawfish paradigm from the Difunta Group, Coahuila, Mexico. Rev. Mex. de Cienc. Geol.19: 16-24. Sclerorhynchidae.

Kley, NJ (1998), Kinematics and mechanics of prey transport in scolecophidian snakes. Amer. Zoologist 38: 202A (abstract). Scolecophidia.

Kley, NJ (2001), Prey transport mechanisms in blindsnakes and the evolution of unilateral feeding systems in snakes. Am. Zool. 41: 1321–1337. WWW. Septomaxilla.

Kley, NJ & EL Brainerd (1999), Feeding by mandibular raking in a snake. Nature 402: 369-70. Scolecophidia.

Kluge, AG (1989), A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool.38: 7-25. Dipnomorpha.

Köhler, R & RE Fordyce, (1997), An archaeocete whate (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Eocene Waihao Greensand, New Zealand. J. Vert. Paleontol.17: 574-583. Basilosauridae, Dorudon.

Kondoh, H, M Uchikawa, H Yoda, H Takeda, M Furutani-Seiki & RO Karlstrom (2000), Zebrafish mutations in Gli-mediated hedgehog signaling lead to lens transdifferentiation from the adenohypophysis anlage. Mech. Devel. 96: 165-174. The Basisphenoid.

Krause, DW, GVR Prasad, W von Koenigswald, A Sahni & FE Grine (1997), Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals. Nature 390: 504-507. Gondwanatheria.

Krebs, B. (1976). Pseudosuchia. In Handbuch der Palaeoherpetologie, Teil 13: Thecondontia (O. Kuhn, Ed.), pp. 40-98. Fisher-Verlag, Stuttgart. Aetosaurus.

Krettek, A, A Gullberg, & U Arnason, (1995), Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA molecule of the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, and the phylogenetic position of the Lipotyphla. J. Mol. Evol.41: 952-957. Insectivora

Kriwet, J (2003), Neoselachian remains Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Middle Jurassic of SW Germany and NW Poland. Acta Pal. Pol.48: 583–594. Protospinax, Synechodus.

Kriwet J & S Klug (2004), Late Jurassic selachians (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from southern Germany: Re-evaluation on taxonomy and diversity. ZittelianaA44: 67-95. Synechodus.

Kurochkin, EN, GJ Dyke & AA Karhu (2002), A New Presbyornithid Bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Nov.3386: 11 pp. Anseres, Presbyornis, Presbyornithidae, Telmabates, Teviornis.

-L-

Labandeira CC & EG Allen (2007), Minimal insect herbivory for the Lower Permian Coprolite Bone Bed site of north-central Texas, USA, and comparison to other Late Paleozoic floras. Paleogeog. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol.247: 197-219.

Lambe, LM (1917), The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Mem. Geol. Surv. Can.  #100, 84+ pp. ("No. 83, Geological Series"). Gorgosaurus, Tyrannosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea.

Lambert, D (1983), A Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Avon Books. 256 pp. Dicraeosauridae, Haplocanthosaurus.

Langer, MC, F Abdala, M Richter, & MJ Benton 1999), A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris): Sci. de la Terre 329: 511-517. Sauropodomorpha.

Langston, W (1965), Oedalops campi (Reptilia: Pelycosauria) new genus and species from the Lower Permian of New Mexico, and the family Eothyrididae. Bull. Tex. Mem. Mus. #9, 47 pp. Caseasauria, Caseidae, Eothyrididae, Jugals, Therapsida Overview.

Langston, W & RR Reisz (1981), Aerosaurus wellesi, new species, a varanopseid mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Pelycosauria) from the Lower Permian of New Mexico. J. Vert. Paleontol. 1: 73-96. Aerosaurus.

Laurin, M & RR Reisz (1996), The osteology and relationships of Tetraceratops insignis, the oldest known therapsid. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 95-102. Tetraceratops, Therapsida, Therapsida Overview.

Laurin, M, M Girondot & A de Ricqlès (2000), Early tetrapod evolution. Tree15: 118-123.  Acanthostega.

Lavocat, RJM (1954), Sur les dinosauriens du continental intercalaire des Kem-Kem de la Doura. C.R. 19th Cong. Géol. Intern. 15: 65-68. Rebbachisauridae; Rebbachisaurus.

Lebedev, OA & JA Clack (1993), Upper Devonian tetrapods from Andreyeva, Tula Region, Russia. Paleontology36: 721-734. Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

Lebedev, OA & MI Coates (1995), The postcranial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Tulerpeton curtumLebedev. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 114: 307-348.  Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda.

LeDouarin, NM, C Ziller & GF Couly 1993), Patterning of neural crest derivatives in the avian embryo: in vivo and in vitro studies. Devel. Biol. 159: 24-49. The Basisphenoid.

Lee, MSY (1996), Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature379: 812-815. Testudines

Lee, MSY (1997), Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zool. J. Linnean Soc., 120: 197-280. Overview, Pareiasuria, Pythonomorpha, Velosauria.

Lee, MSY (1997a), The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B352: 53-91. Anguoidea, Dipnomorpha, Monstersauria, Pythonomorpha; Serpentes, Varanidae, Varanoidea.

Lee, MSY, GL Bell Jr. & MW Caldwell (1999a), The origin of snake feeding. Nature 655-659. Cylindrophiidae, Mosasauroidea, Pythonomorpha, Squamata.

Lee, MSY, MW Caldwell & JD Scanlon (1999), A second primitive marine snake: Pachyophis woodwardi from the Cretaceous of Bosnia-Herzegovina. J. Zool. London 248: 509-520. Serpentes, Pachyophiidae.

Leebens-Mack, J & C dePamphilis (2002), Power analysis of tests for loss of selective constraint in cave crayfish and nonphotosynthetic plant lineages. Mol. Biol. Evol.19: 1292-1302. Acanthostega.

Lehrmann DJ, P Enos, JL Payne, P Montgomery, J-Y Wei, Y-Y Yu, J-F Xiao & MJ Orchard (2004), Permian and Triassic depositional history of the Yangtze platform and Great Bank of Guizhou in the Nanpanjiang basin of Guizhou and Guangxi, South China. Albertiana33: 149-168.  

Lelièvre, H & P Janvier (1988), Un actinistien (Sarcopterygii: Vertebrata) dans le Dévonien Supérieur du Maroc. CR Acad. Sci. Paris(sér. 2) 307: 1425-1430. Actinistia, Diplocercides.

Li, C-K, RW Wilson, MR Dawson & L Krishtalka (1987), The origin of rodents and lagomorphsinHH Genoways [ed.], Current Mammalogy.  Plenum Press, 1: 97-108. Glires.

Li, W-H (1997), Molecular Evolution, Sinauer Associates: 487 pp. Insectivora.

Liem, KF, WE Bemis, WF Walker & L Grande (2001), Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective[3rd ed.]. Harcourt College, 703+ pp. Eusthenopteron, Lupeosaurus, Teeth, Tristichopteridae.

Leonard, L, GJ Dyke & M van Tuinen (2005), A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornisfrom the Lower Eocene of Denmark. Amer. Mus. Nov.No. 3491, 11 pp. Dactylosaurus.

Liu, F-GR, MM Miyamoto, NP Freire, PQ Ong, MR Tennant, TS Young, & KF Gugel (2001), Molecular and Morphological Supertrees for Eutherian (Placental) Mammals Science291: 1786-1789. Insectivora.

Livezey, BC, (1996), A phylogenetic analysis of geese and swans (Anseriformes: Anserinae), including selected fossil species. Syst. Biol.45: 415-450. Cnemiornis.  

Livezey, BC (1997), A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 121: 361-428.  Anatalavis, Anatidae, Anatoidea, Anhimidae, Anseranas, Anseres, Anseriformes, Presbyornis.  

Loeffler, EJ & DL Dineley (1976), A new species of Corvaspis(Agnatha, Heterostraci) from the Upper Silurian to Lower or Middle Devonian of the North-West Territories, Canada. Palaeontology19: 757-766. Corviaspididae, Corvaspis, Corveolepis.

Lohnes, D, M Mark, C Mendelsohn, P Dollé, A Dierich, P Gorry, A Gansmuller & P Chambon, (1994), Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development. I. Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development120: 2723-2748. Triconodontidae

Long, JA (1993), Morphological Characteristics of Paleozoic Vertebrates used in biostratigraphy, inJA Long (ed.), Palaeozoic Vertebrate Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp.3-24. Craniate Overview, Thelodonti.

Long, JA (1995), The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 223 pp. Actinistia, Allenypterus, Amphiaspidida, Antiarcha, Asterolepidoidei, Bothriolepidoidei, Canowindridae, Chimaeroidei, Corvaspis, Cyathaspidida, Hypohyal, Megalichthyidae, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Osteostraci, Porolepiformes, Powichthys, Rhenanida, Rhizodontiformes, Sinolepidae, The Sphenethmoid, Youngolepis, Yunnanolepidae.

Long, JA (2001), On the relationships of Psarolepis and the onychodontiform fishes. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 815-820. Gulars, Jugals, Onychodontiformes, Onychodus, Osteichthyes, Psarolepis, Sarcopterygii, Teleostomi Overview.

Long, JA & MS Gordon (2004) The greatest step in vertebrate history: a paleobiological review of the fish-tetrapod transition. Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 77: 700-719. Acanthostega, Elpistostegalia, Ichthyostega, Obruchevichthys, Ventastega.

Long, JA, ME Anderson, R Gess & N Hiller 1997), New placoderm fishes from the Late Devonian of South Africa. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 253-268. Bothriolepidoidei.

Long, RA & KL Ballew (1985), Aetosaur dermal armor from the Late Triassic of southwestern North America, with special reference to material from the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Mus. N. Ariz. Bull., 54: 45-68. Paratypothorax, Stagnolepis.

Long, RA & PA Murry (1995), Late Triassic Carnian and Norian) Tetrapods from the Southwestern United States. N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. & Sci. Bull.4: 1-254. Phytosauridae, Rutiodon, Stagnolepis.

López, JA, P Bentzen & T. W. Pietsch (2000), Phylogenetic relationships of esocoid fishes (Teleostei) based on partial cytochrome b and 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia2000: 420-431. Esociformes.

López, JA, W-J Chen & G Ortí (2004), Esociform phylogeny. Copeia2004: 449-464.

Lu, M-F, H-T Cheng, MJ Kern, SS Potter, B Tran, TGH Diekwisch & JF Martin (1999), prx-1 functions cooperatively with another paired-related homeobox gene, prx-2, to maintain cell fates within the craniofacial mesenchyme. Development 126: 495-504 (abstract only). Meckel's Cartilage.

Lucas, SG (1998), Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Paleogeog. Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 143: 347-384. Aetosaurus, Phytosauridae, Redondasuchus, Rutiodon, Stagonolepis, Typothorax.

Lucas SG (2006), Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology, in SG Lucas, G Cassinis & JW Schneider (eds.). Non-Marine Permian Biostratigraphy and Biochronology. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 265: 65-93. Edaphosaurus, Glaucosaurus.

Lund, R (1977), New information on the evolution of bradydont Chondrichthyes. Fieldiana Geol.33: 521-539. Cochliodontidae, Holocephali.

Lund, R (1980), Viviparity and interutarine feeding in a new holocephalan fish from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana. Science209: 697-699. Chimaeriformes; Myriacanthoidei.

Lund, R (1988), New information on Squatinactis caudispinatus (Chondrichthyes, Cladodontida) from the Chesterian Bear Gulch limestone of Montana. J. Vert. Paleontol. 8: 340-342. Squatinactidae

Lund, R (1990), Chondrichthyan life history styles as revealed by the 320 million years old Mississippian of Montana. Env. Biol. Fishes27: 1-19. Chimaeroidei, Cochliodontidae, Holocephali.

Lund, R (2000), The new actinopterygian order Guildayichthyiformes from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana (USA). Geodiversitas 22: 171-206. Actinopterygii, Cladistia, The Dermosphenotic, Eothyrididae, Guildayichthyiformes, The Opercular Series.

Lund, R & WL Lund (1984), New genera and species of coelacanths from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) of Montana (U.S.A.). Geobios, 17: 237-244. Allenypterus, Caridosuctor, Hadronector, Lochmocercus, Polyosteorhynchus, Rhabdoderma.

Lund, R & WL Lund (1985), Coelacanths from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Namurian) of Montana and the evolution of the Coelacanthiformes. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist.25: 1-74. Hadronector, Polyosteorhynchus, Rhabdoderma.

Luo, Z-X (1998), Homology and transformation of cetacean ectotympanic structures inJGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 269-301. Autoceta, Basilosauridae, Cetacea, Mysticeti, Odontoceti, Pakicetidae, Physeteroidea, Protocetidae, Rhabdosteidae.

Luo, Z-X (1999), A refugium for relicts. Nature23-25.

Luo, Z-X & ER Eastman (1995), Petrosal and inner-ear of a squalodontoid whale - implications for evolution of hearing in Odontocetes. J. Vert. Paleontol.15: 431-442. Autoceta, Ear, Odontoceti, Squalodontidae.

Luo ZX (2001), The inner ear and its bony housing in tritylodontids and implications for evolution of the mammalian ear. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 156: 81-97. Glossary.

Luo, Z-X, RL Cifelli & Z Kielan-Jaworowska 2001a), Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals. Nature 409: 53-57. Ausktribosphenida, Australosphenida, Cladotheria, Mammalia; Mammalia Overview, Spalacotheroidea, Symmetrodonta.

Luo, Z-X, AW Crompton, & A-L Sun (2001), A new mammaliaform from the Early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics. Science 292: 1535-1546. Hadrocodium, Multituberculata, Triconodonta.

Luo, Z-X, Z Kielan-Jaworowska & RL Cifelli 2002), In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 47: 1-78. Amphilestes, Ausktribosphenidae, Docodontidae, Gobiconodon, Jeholodens, Kuehneotheriidae, Mammalia Overview, Mammaliaformes, Priacodon, Theriodonta, Triconodonta, Triconodontidae, Trioracodon, Trithelodontidae, Tritylodontidae.

checked ATW060103