Ornithischia Classification

Infraclass Archosauromorpha Huene, 1946 (cont.) Order Ornithischia Seeley, 1888 "bird-hipped" dinosaurs Suborder Ornithopoda Marsh, 1881 generalised bipedal, herbivorous dinosaurs, mostly a "wastebasket taxon" for anything taht doesn't fit in the other groups. L Trias to L Cret, Cosm. Family Pisanosauridae Casamiquela, 1967 the most primitive group of ornithischians, monospecies only, L Tr of S Am Family Fabrosauridae Galton, 1972 small bipedal generalised ancestral ornithischians, E Jur to M Jur of S Afr, EAs.[1] Family Heterodontosauridae Romer, 1966 small bipedal early specialised forms, E Jur to E Cret of S Afr, Eur, EAs. Family Hypsilophodontidae Dollo, 1882 small bipedal, cursorial, generalised ornithopods, ancestral to later groups, M Jur to L Cret. Cosm.[2] Families not specified - a number of iconic types such as Muttaburrasaurus ( M Cret of Aus) and Tenontosaurus (M Cret of N Am) that don't fit easily into the established groups, perhaps require monospecific families or subfamilies Family Rhabdodontidae medium-sized ornithopods that represent a distinct evolutionary line - L Cret of Eur Family Dryosauridae small to medium sized, bipedal, cursorial, ornithopods, intermediate between hypsilophodonts and iguanodonts, Monogeneric. L Jur of E Afr, N Am. Family Iguanodontidae Cope, 1869 large to very large, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, ornithopods, intermediate between dryosaurs and hadrosaurs. L Jur to L Cret, Eur, N Am, As. Family Hadrosauridae "duck-billed" dinosaurs, large to very large, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, ornithopods, highly specialsed dental batteries, frequently with head crests. E to L Cret, N Am, As, Eur, SAm. Subfamilies not specified - a large assortment of various primitive and unspecialised Hadrosaurus, E to L Cret, N Am, As, Eur, SAm. Subfamily Saurolophinae - flat-headed, broad-Snouted hadrosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Tribe Maiasaurini—unspecialised, primitive, broad-snouted duckbilled dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am Tribe Saurolophini—spike-crested duckbilled dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Tribe Edmontosaurini— very broad-snouted (classic "duck bill" dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Subfamily Lambeosaurinae - crested hadrosaurs - L Cret of N Am Tribe Saurolophini - tube crested lambeosaurines Tribe Corythosaurini (=Lambeosaurini) - helmet crested lambeosaurines Suborder unspecified[3] Family Scelidosauridae Cope, 1869 - Ancestral armoured types - mostly Early Jurassic. Quadrupedal, ancestral armoured dinosaurs. Includes light running forms and large heavily armed types. Length 1 to 4.5 meters E Jur of Eur, NAm, As Suborder Stegosauria Marsh, 1877 - Plated dinosaurs - spines along the back and tail for protection, plates served a thermoregulatory purpose. Quadrupedal, short forelimbs, slow-moving. Length 3 to 10 meters M Jur to E Cret of N Am, Eur, As, Afr Family Huayangosauridae - Primitive plated dinosaurs; M Jur of E As Family Stegosauridae Marsh, 1877 advanced plated dinosaurs; M Jur to E Cret of N Am, Eur, As, Afr Subfamily Kentrosaurinae - small plates, shoulder spines, spikes along back and tail - usually given family rank (Kentrosauridae); may be monotypic - L Jur of Afr, ?Eur Subfamily Dacentrurinae - tail spikes like Stegosaurus, otherwise resembles Kentrosaurus L Jura of Eur Subfamily Stegosaurinae - advanced stegosaurs, alternatinbg paired plates, no shoulder spines; L Jur to E Cret of NAm & EAs Suborder Ankylosauria Osborn, 1923 heavily armoured dinosaurs, 2 to 10 meters long, quadrupedal, slow moving, and fed on soft vegetation. Family Polocanthidae - ancestral ankylosaurs - L Jur to L Cret of Eur, N Am, EAs & Ant. Family Nodosauridae Marsh, 1890 - with spikes on the shoulders - E to L Cret of Eur & N Am Family Ankylosauridae Brown, 1908 - with a war club at the end of the tail - E to L Cret of E As & N Am Suborder Pachycephalosauria Sternberg, 1945 (Only one family; Homalocephalidae Dong, 1974 is comprised of juvenile pachycephalosaurids only) Family Pachycephalosauridae Sternberg, 1945 dome headed dinosaurs, superficially resemble the ornithopods; bipedal, small to medium-sized, with a bony "battering ram" head. L Cret of NAm & E As Suborder Ceratopsia Marsh, 1890 horned dinosaurs, small to large parrot-beaked dinosaurs, Family Chaoyangsauridae Zhao, Cheng, & Xu, 1999 ancestral horned dinosaurs (or ancestral marginocephalia?) L Jur of EAs Family Psittacosauridae Osborn, 1923 parrot-beaked dinosaurs, stocky animals about about 1.5 meters long, hornless, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, E Cret of EAs Family Protoceratopsidae Granger & Gregory, 1923 small to medium sized ancestral hornless forms, bipedal or quadrapedal L Cret of EAs & NAm Subfamily Leptoceratopsinae - short frilled protoceratopsids - L Cret of E AS & N Am Subfamily Bagaceratopinae - Small-horned, lump-nosed Frilled Dinosaurs - L Cret of Eur & E As Subfamily Protoceratopsinae - advanced, deep-tailed protoceraptopsids - L Cret of E As Family Ceratopsidae Marsh, 1890 large to gigantic horned dinosaurs, quadrapedal, rhino-like L Cret of NAm Subfamily Centrosaurinae - short-frilled horned dinosaurs Subfamily Chasmosaurinae - long-frilled horned dinosaurs

Parainfraclass Archosauromorpha Huene, 1946 (cont.) Holoorder Ornithischia Seeley, 1888 "bird-hipped" dinosaurs Holosuborder Ornithopoda Marsh, 1881 generalised bipedal, herbivorous dinosaurs, mostly a "wastebasket taxon" for anything taht doesn't fit in the other groups. L Trias to L Cret, Cosm. Monofamily Pisanosauridae Casamiquela, 1967 the most primitive group of ornithischians, monospecies only, L Tr of S Am Parafamily Fabrosauridae Galton, 1972 small bipedal generalised ancestral ornithischians, E Jur to M Jur of S Afr, EAs. Holofamily Heterodontosauridae Romer, 1966 small bipedal early specialised forms, E Jur to E Cret of S Afr, Eur, EAs. Parafamily Hypsilophodontidae Dollo, 1882 small bipedal, cursorial, generalised ornithopods, ancestral to later groups, M Jur to L Cret. Cosm. Families not specified - a number of iconic types such as Muttaburrasaurus ( M Cret of Aus) and Tenontosaurus (M Cret of N Am) that don't fit easily into the established groups, perhaps require monospecific families or subfamilies Holofamily Rhabdodontidae medium-sized ornithopods that represent a distinct evolutionary line - L Cret of Eur Evofamily Dryosauridae small to medium sized, bipedal, cursorial, ornithopods, intermediate between hypsilophodonts and iguanodonts, Monogeneric. L Jur of E Afr, N Am. Parafamily Iguanodontidae Cope, 1869 large to very large, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, ornithopods, intermediate between dryosaurs and hadrosaurs. L Jur to L Cret, Eur, N Am, As. Holofamily Hadrosauridae "duck-billed" dinosaurs, large to very large, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, ornithopods, highly specialsed dental batteries, frequently with head crests. E to L Cret, N Am, As, Eur, SAm. Subfamilies not specified - a large assortment of various primitive and unspecialised Hadrosaurus, E to L Cret, N Am, As, Eur, SAm. Holosubfamily Saurolophinae - flat-headed, broad-Snouted hadrosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Ambitribe Maiasaurini—unspecialised, primitive, broad-snouted duckbilled dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am Ambitribe Saurolophini—spike-crested duckbilled dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Ambitribe Edmontosaurini— very broad-snouted (classic "duck bill" dinosaurs - L Cret of N Am & E As Holosubfamily Lambeosaurinae - crested hadrosaurs - L Cret of N Am Ambitribe Parasaurolophini - tube crested lambeosaurines Ambitribe Corythosaurini (=Lambeosaurini) - helmet crested lambeosaurines Suborder unspecified Evofamily Scelidosauridae Cope, 1869 - Ancestral armoured types - mostly Early Jurassic. Quadrupedal, ancestral armoured dinosaurs. Includes light running forms and large heavily armed types. Length 1 to 4.5 meters E Jur of Eur, NAm, As Suborder Stegosauria Marsh, 1877 - Plated dinosaurs - spines along the back and tail for protection, plates served a thermoregulatory purpose. Quadrupedal, short forelimbs, slow-moving. Length 3 to 10 meters M Jur to E Cret of N Am, Eur, As, Afr Parafamily Huayangosauridae - Primitive plated dinosaurs; M Jur of E As Holofamily Stegosauridae Marsh, 1877 advanced plated dinosaurs; M Jur to E Cret of N Am, Eur, As, Afr Monosubfamily Kentrosaurinae - small plates, shoulder spines, spikes along back and tail - usually given family rank (Kentrosauridae); may be monotypic - L Jur of Afr, ?Eur Evosubfamily Dacentrurinae - tail spikes like Stegosaurus, otherwise resembles Kentrosaurus L Jura of Eur Holosubfamily Stegosaurines - advanced stegosaurs, alternatinbg paired plates, no shoulder spines; L Jur to E Cret of NAm & EAs Suborder Ankylosauria Osborn, 1923 - heavily armoured dinosaurs, 2 to 10 meters long, quadrupedal, slow moving, and fed on soft vegetation. Evofamily Polocanthidae - ancestral ankylosaurs - L Jur to L Cret of Eur, N Am, EAs & Ant. Holofamily Nodosauridae Marsh, 1890 - with spikes on the shoulders - E to L Cret of Eur & N Am Holofamily Ankylosauridae Brown, 1908 - with a war club at the end of the tail - E to L Cret of E As & N Am Suborder Pachycephalosauria Sternberg, 1945 (Only one family; Homalocephalidae Dong, 1974 is comprised of juvenile pachycephalosaurids only) Holofamily Pachycephalosauridae Sternberg, 1945 dome headed dinosaurs, superficially resemble the ornithopods; bipedal, small to medium-sized, with a bony "battering ram" head. L Cret of NAm & E As Suborder Ceratopsia Marsh, 1890 horned dinosaurs, small to large parrot-beaked dinosaurs, Evofamily Chaoyangsauridae Zhao, Cheng, & Xu, 1999 ancestral horned dinosaurs (or ancestral marginocephalia?) L Jur of EAs Evofamily Psittacosauridae Osborn, 1923 parrot-beaked dinosaurs, stocky animals about about 1.5 meters long, hornless, bipedal and faculatively quadrapedal, E Cret of EAs Evofamily Protoceratopsidae Granger & Gregory, 1923 small to medium sized ancestral hornless forms, bipedal or quadrapedal L Cret of EAs & NAm Evosubfamily Leptoceratopsinae - short frilled protoceratopsids - L Cret of E AS & N Am Evosubfamily Bagaceratopinae - Small-horned, lump-nosed Frilled Dinosaurs - L Cret of Eur & E As Evosubfamily Protoceratopsinae - advanced, deep-tailed protoceraptopsids - L Cret of E As Holofamily Ceratopsidae Marsh, 1890 large to gigantic horned dinosaurs, quadrapedal, rhino-like L Cret of NAm Holosubfamily Centrosaurinae - short-frilled horned dinosaurs Holosubfamily Chasmosaurinae - long-frilled horned dinosaurs