Palaeos		Metazoa
Metazoa		References

Invertebrate References

LIFE
|--Eubacteria
`--+--Archaea
   `--Eukarya
      |--Chlorobionta
      `--+--Fungi
         `--METAZOA  
            |--Choanoflagellata  
            `--Porifera 
               |--Radiata
               `--+--Cnidaria 
                  `--Bilateria
                     |--Deuterostomia
                     `--Protostomia
                        |--Ecdysozoa
                        `--Spiralia

A B C D EF G H IJ K L MN O P Q RS T U VW X Y Z

A

Abe K & Y Watanabe (1992), Determination of silicate in seawater by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. J. Oceanog. 48: 283-292. 
Demospongiae.

Abzhanov, A & TC Kaufman (2000), Crustacean (malacostracan) Hox genes and the evolution of the arthropod trunk.  Development 127: 2239-2249. 
Crustacea. 

Adamkewicz, SL, MG Harasewych, J Blake, D Saudek & BCJ Bult (1997), A molecular phylogeny of the bivalve mollusks. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14: 619-629. 
Bivalvia Dendrogram.  

Aguinaldo, AMA, JM Turbeville, LS Linford, MC Rivera, JR Garey, RA Raff, & JA Lake (1997), Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulding animals. Nature 387: 489-493. 
Ecdysozoa, Spiralia,Protostomia.  

Akam, M & M Averof (1995), Hox genes and the diversification of insect and crustacean body plans. Nature, 376: 420-423. 
Myriapoda.  

Aksarina, NA (1968) New Data on the Geology and Guide Fossils of Western Siberia, Vol. 3.  Univ. of Tomsk. 
Stenothecidae.  

Aldridge, RJ, X-G Hou, DJ Siveter, DJ Siveter & SE Gabbott (2007), The systematics and phylogenetic relationships of vetulicolians. Palaeontology 50: 131-168. 
Hox Genes. 

Álvaro JJ, O Elicki, F Debrenne & D Vizcaïno (2002), Small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Lastours Formation, southern Montagne Noire, France. Geobios 35: 397–409.
Archaeocyatha. 

Álvaro JJ, O Elicki, G Geyer, AWA Rushton & JH Shergold (2003), Palaeogeographical controls on the Cambrian trilobite immigration and evolutionary patterns reported in the western Gondwana margin. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 195: 5-35. 
Archaeocyatha. 

Amano S & I Hori (2001), Metamorphosis of coeloblastula performed by multipotential larval flagellated cells in the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia laxa. Biol. Bull. 200: 20-32.
Demospongiae,Glossary. 

Amores, A, A Force, Y-L Yan, L Joly, C Amemiya, A Fritz, RK Ho, J Langeland, V Prince, Y-L Wang, M Westerfield, M Ekker & JH Postlethwait (1998), Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution. Science 282: 1711–1714. 
Hox Genes 

Anderson, LI (1997), The xiphosuran Liomesaspis from the Montceau-les-Mines Konservat Lagerstatte, Massif Central, France. N. Jahrb. Geol. Palaontol., Abh. 204: 415-436. 
Xiphosura.  

Anderson, LI (1998), A new specimen of the Silurian synziphosurine Cyamocephalus.  Proc. Geol. Assoc. 110: 211-216. 
Xiphosura.  

Anderson, LI & PA Selden (1997), Opisthosomal fusion and phylogeny of Palaeozoic Xiphosura. Lethaia 30: 19-31.  
Chasmataspida,Xiphosura.  

Anderson, LI, JA Dunlop, & NH Trewin (2000), A Middle Devonian chasmataspid arthropod from Achanarras Quarry, Caithness, Scotland. Scot. J. Geol., 36: 151-158.  
Chasmataspida.  

Andri E, S Gerbaudo, & M Testa (2001), Quaternary siliceous sponge spicules in the western Woodlark Basin, southwest Pacific (ODP Leg 180), in P Huchon, B Taylor & A Klaus (eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 180: 1–8.
Sponge Spicules.

Aouacheria A, C Geourjon, N Aghajari, V Navratil, G Deléage, C Lethias, & J-Y Exposito (2006), Insights into early extracellular matrix evolution: Spongin short chain collagen-related proteins are homologous to basement membrane type IV collagens and form a novel family widely distributed in invertebrates. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 2288-2302.
Demospongiae,Homoscleromorpha. 

Arenas-Mena, C, AR Cameron & EH Davidson (2000), Spatial expression of Hoxcluster genes in the ontogeny of a sea urchin. Development 127: 4631-4643. 
Deuterostomia, Hox Genes. 

Arendt, D, U Technau & J Wittbrodt (2001), Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut. Nature 409: 81-85. 
Bilateria

Arendt, D & J Wittbrodt (2001), Reconstructing the eyes of Urbilateria. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 356: 1545-1563.  
Bilateria, Hox Genes. 

B

Bandel, K (1988), Repräsentieren die Euomphaloidea eine natürliche Einheit der Gastropoden? Mitteilungen Geol.-Paläontol. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 67: 1–33. 
Euomphalida.  

Barnes, RD (1980), Invertebrate Zoology.  Saunders. 
Basommatophora,Bivalvia, Gastropoda,Metazoa, Monoplacophora,Patellogastropoda, Polyplacophora,Pulmonata, Scaphopoda,Solenogastres,Stylommatophora, Systellommatophora.  

Barthel D (1995), Tissue composition of sponges from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: not much meat on the bones. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 123: 149-153. 
Demospongiae. 

Bavestrello G, U Benatti, B Calcinai, R Cattaneo-Vietti, C Cerrano, A Favre. M Giovine, S Lanza, R Pronzato & M Sara (1998), Body polarity and mineral selectivity in the demosponge Chondrosia reniformis. Biol. Bull. 195: 120-125.
Glossary, Porifera.

Bengström, J (1979), Morphology of fossil arthropods as a guide to phylogenetic relationships, in AP Gupta (ed.), Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 3-56. 
Chasmataspida.  

Bengström, J (1991), Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition, in AM Simonetta & S Conway Morris [eds.], The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa, Cambridge Univ. Press. pp.25-34. 
Bilateria.  

Bengtson S (2000), Teasing fossils out of shales with cameras and computers. Pal. Elect. 3: 4, 14 pp.
Porifera.

Bengtson, S & G Budd (2004), Comment on "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science 306: 1291b. 
Hox Genes. 

Benton MJ & DAT Harper (1997), Basic Paleontology. Addison Wesley Longman, 342 pp.
Archaeocyatha, Demospongiae, Glossary, Irregulares,Stromatoporoidea. 

Bergquist PR & M Kelly (2004), Taxonomy of some Halisarcida and Homosclerophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Indo-Pacific. N.Z. J. Marine & Freshwater Res. 38: 51-66.
Homoscleromorpha.

Bergström, J (1989), The Origin of Animal Phyla and the New Phylum Procoelomata, Lethaia 22: 259-69.  
Caudofoveata.  

Bieler, R (1992), Gastropod phylogeny and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Syst., 23: 311-338. 
Stylommatophora.  

Blumenberg M (2003), Biomarker aus Kaltwasser- und Tiefsee-Kieselschwämmen: Phylogenie, Chemotaxonomie und Chemische Ökologie der Demospongiae und der Hexactinellida. Unpubl. Ph.D. Diss., Universität Hamburg. 120+ pp.
Homoscleromorpha,Tetractinomorpha. 

Bond D, PB Wignall & G Racki (2004), Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria and France. Geol. Mag. 141: 173-193.
Stromatoporoidea. 

Boorman, CJ & SM Shimeld (2002), The evolution of left-right asymmetry in chordates. BioEssays 24: 1004-1011. 
Deuterostomia. 

Botting JP & NJ Butterfield (2005), Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa, Walcott. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 102: 1554–1559.
Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Porifera,Porifera Dendrogram.

Bottjer DJ, JW Hagadorn & SQ Dornbos (2000), The Cambrian substrate revolution. GSA Today 9: 2-6. 
Archaeocyatha. 

Boury-Esnault N & AM Solé-Cava (2004), Recent contribution of genetics to the study of sponge systematics and biology. Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68: 3-18.
Tetractinomorpha. 

Boute N, J-Y Exposito, N Boury-Esnault, J Vacelet, N Noro, K Miyazaki, K Yoshizato& R Garrone (1996), Type IV collagen in sponges, the missing link in basement membrane ubiquity. Biol. Cell. 88: 37-44.
Demospongiae, Glossary, Homoscleromorpha, Porifera. 

Brasier, WD (1989), Towards a biostratigraphy of the earliest skeletal biotas, in JW Cowie & MD Brasier [eds.] The Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary, Clarendon Press.  
Pelagiellida.  

Brasier, WD (1989a), Sections in England and their Correlation, in JW Cowie & MD Brasier [ eds.] The Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary, Clarendon Press. 
Helcionellidae.  

Briggs, DEG, BS Lieberman, SL Halgedahl & RD Jarrard (2005), A new metazoan from the Middle Cambrian of Utah and the nature of Vetulicolia. Palaeontology 48: 681-686. 
Vetulicolia.

Brooke, NM & PWH Holland (2003), The evolution of multicellularity and early animal genomes. Curr. Op. Genet. Devel.  13: 599-603. 
Bilateria, Hox Genes. 

Brunschwig, K, C Wittmann, R Schnabel, TR Bürglin, H Tobler & F Müller (1999), Anterior organization of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo by the labial-like Hox gene ceh-13. Development 126: 1537-1546.
Hox Genes. 

Budd GE (2003), The Cambrian fossil record and the origin of phyla. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43: 157-165.
Irregulares.

C

Callaerts, P, PN Lee, B Hartmann, C Farfan, DWY Choy, K Ikeo, K-F Fischbach, WJ Gehring & HG de Couet (2002), Hox genes in the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: Implications for the evolution of complex body plans. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 99: 2088-2093.
Hox Genes. 

Cameron, CB (2005), A phylogeny of the hemichordates based on morphological characters. Can. J. Zool. 83: 196–215. 
Deuterostomia.  

Cameron, CB, JR Garey & BJ Swalla (2000), Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 97: 4469-4474.
Deuterostomia.  

Campbell, KSW (1987), Evolution evolving.  J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. NSW 120: 9-19. WWW. 
Ctenocystoidea. 

Cao R-J (1999), Evidence for possible metazoan activity in Neoproterozoic aberrant stromatolites and thrombolite structures. Acta Pal. Sin. 38: ??-??.
Irregulares.

Carroll, SB (2005), Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom.  Norton, 350+pp. 
Hox Genes.

Carroll, SB (2005a), Evolution at two levels: On genes and form.  PLOS Biology 3: 1159-1166. 
Hox Genes. 

Caster, KE (1967), Homoiostelea, in RC Moore [ed.] Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part S: Echinodermata 1.  Geol. Soc. Amer. 2: S581-S623. 
Soluta.  

Caster, KE & HK Brooks (1956), New fossils from the Canadian-Chazyan (Ordovician) hiatus in Tennessee.  Bull. Am. Paleontol. 36:157-199. 
Chasmataspida.  

Cavalier-Smith, T (1998), A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. 73: 203-266.  pdf
Classification, Platyzoa

Cavalier-Smith T & EE-Y Chao (2003), Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. J. Mol. Evol. 56: 540-563.
Demospongiae,Hexactinellida.

Cha JN, K Shimizu, Y Zhou, SC Christiansen, BF Chmelka, GD Stucky & DE Morse (1999), Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 96: 361-365.
Glossary.

Chase, R (2002), Behavior & Its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs.  Oxford Univ. Press. 
Basommatophora,Pulmonata, Stylommatophora,Systellommatophora.   

Chen, J-Y, DJ Bottjer, P Oliveri, SQ Dornbos, F Gao, S Ruffins, H-M Chi, C-W Li & EH Davidson (2004), Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Science 305: 218-222.
Hox Genes. 

Chen, J-Y, P Oliveri, EH Davidson & DJ Bottjer (2004), Response to comment on "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science 306: 1291b.
Hox Genes

Chiu, C-H, K Dewar, GP Wagner, K Takahashi, F Ruddle, C Ledje, P Bartsch, J-L Scemama, E Stellwag, C Fried, SJ Prohaska, PF Stadler, & CT Amemiya (2004), Bichir HoxA cluster sequence reveals surprising trends in ray-finned fish genomic evolution.  Genome Res. 14: 11-17.
Hox Genes.

Chombard C, N Boury-Esnault, A Tiller & J Vacelet (1997), Polyphyly of “sclerosponges” (Porifera, Demospongiae) supported by 28S ribosomal sequences. Biol. Bull. 193: 359-367.
Archaeocyatha, Stromatoporoidea.. 

Clarkson, ENK (1993), Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution [4th ed.]. Chapman & Hall, 434 pp.
Bivalvia,Gastropoda,Rostroconchia.  

Colgan, DJ, PWF Ponder & PE Eggler (2000), Gastropod evolutionary rates and phylogenetic relationships assessed using partial 28S rDNA and histone H3 sequences. Zool. Scripta 29: 29-63. 
Gastropod Systematics.  

Conway Morris, S (1993), The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa. Nature 361: 219-225. 
Ecdysozoa,Spiralia, Radiata.

Cook, CE, E Jiménez, M Akam & Emili Saló (2004), The Hox gene complement of acoel flatworms, a basal bilaterian clade. Evol. Devel. 6: 154-163.  
Bilateria, Hox Genes.  

Cook, CE, Q-Y Yue & M Akam (2005), Mitochondrial genomes suggest that hexapods and crustaceans are mutually paraphyletic.  Proc. R. Soc. B 272: 1295–1304. 
Crustacea. 

Cooke, J (2004), The evolutionary origins and significance of vertebrate left-right organisation.  BioEssays 26: 413-421. 
Deuterostomia

Copf, T, N Rabet, SE Celniker & M Averof (2003), Posterior patterning genes and the identification of a unique body region in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana.  Development 130: 5915-5927.
Hox Genes

Corsetti FA & AJ Kaufman (2003), Stratigraphic investigations of carbon isotope anomalies and Neoproterozoic ice ages in Death Valley, California. GSA Bull. 115: 916–932.
Archaeocyatha. 

Couly, G, S Creuzet, S Bennaceur, C Vincent & NM Le Douarin (2002), Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head. Development 129: 1061-1073.
Hox Genes. 

Croce G, D Viterbo, M Milanesio & H Amenitsch (2006), A mesoporous pattern created by nature in spicules from Thetya aurantium sponge. Biophys. J. 92: 288-292.
Demospongiae. 

D

Daly M, DG Fautin & VA Cappola (2003), Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 419-437. 
Stromatoporoidea. 

Dana JD (1896), Manual of Geology (4th ed.) Amer. Book Co., 1088 pp., reprinted atNineteenth Century Science.
Hexactinellida. 

Davidson, EH, KJ Peterson & RA Cameron (1995), Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. Science, 270: 1319-1325. 
Deuterostomia,Bilateria.

Degnan BM, SP Leys & C Larroux (2005), Sponge development and antiquity of animal pattern formation. Integr. Comp. Biol., 45: 335–341.
Demospongiae.

Delle Cave, L & AM Simonetta (1991), Early Paleozoic Arthropoda and problems of arthropod phylogeny; with some notes on taxa of dubious affinities, in AM Simonetta & S Conway Morris (eds.), The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge U. Press, pp. 189-244. 
Chasmataspida.  

deRobertis, EM, EA Morita & KWY Cho (1991), Gradient fields and homeobox genes. Development 112: 669-678.
Hox Genes. 

de Rosa, R, JK Grenier, T Andreeva, CE Cook, A Adoutte, M Akam, SB Carroll & G Balavoine (1999), Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution. Nature 399: 772-776.
Hox Genes.  

Diehl-Seifert B, B Kurelec, RK Zahn, A Dorn, B Jeričevic, G Uhlenbruck & WEG Müller (1985), Attachment of sponge cells to collagen substrata: effect of a collagen assembly factor. J. Cell Sci. 79: 271-285. 
Tetractinomorpha.

Dohle, W (1998), Myriapod-insect relationships as opposed to an insect-crustacean sister group relationship, in RA Fortey & RH Thomas [eds.], Arthropod Relationships.  Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. 55: 305-315. 
Myriapoda.  

Dominguez, P, AG Jacobson & RPS Jeffries (2002), Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton.  Nature 417: 841-844. 
Homalozoa.  

Dominguez-Alonso, P (1999), The early evolution of echinoderms: The class Ctenocystoidea and its closest relatives revisited, in MD Candia Carnevalli & F Bonasoro [eds.], Echinoderm Research 1998. AA Balkema, pp. 263-268. 
Cincta,Ctenocystoidea,Helicoplacoidea.  

Donoghue, PCJ & MA Purnell (2005), Genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution. TREE 46.4.
Hox Genes. 

Dornbos, SQ & DJ Bottjer (2000), Taphonomy and environmental distribution of helicoplacoid echinoderms. Palaios 16: 197-204. 
Helicoplacoidea.  

Dornbos, SQ, DJ Bottjer & J-Y Chen (2005), Paleoecology of benthic metazoans in the Early Cambrian Maotianshan Shale biota and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota: evidence for the Cambrian substrate revolution. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 220: 47– 67.  
Archaeocyatha,Bilateria.  

Dufour, HD, Z Chettouh, C Deyts, R de Rosa, C Goridis, J-S Joly, & J-F Brunet (2006), Precraniate origin of cranial motoneurons. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 103: 8727-8732.
Hox Genes. 

Dunlop, JA & PA Selden (1997), The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates, in RA Fortey & RH Thomas (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Relationship of the Major Arthropod Groups. Chapman & Hall, pp. 221-35. 
Chasmataspida.  

Dunlop, JA, LI Anderson, & SJ Braddy (1999), Forfarella mitchelli gen. et sp. nov., a chasmataspid from the Lower Devonian of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci, 89: 161-165. 
Chasmataspida.  

Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464.
Classification.

Dupraz C, R Pattisina & EP Verrecchia (2006), Translation of energy into morphology: Simulation of stromatolite morphospace using a stochastic model. Sediment. Geol. 185: 185–203.
Glossary,Irregulares.  

Durham, JW (1993), Observations on the Early Cambrian helicoplacoid echinoderms. J. Paleontol. 67: 590-604. 
Helicoplacoidea. 

Dzik, J (1982), Larval development and relationships of Mimospira - a presumably hyperstrophic Ordovician gastropod. Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förhand. 104: 231-239. 
Paragastropoda.  

Dzik, J (1984), Phylogeny of the Nautiloidea.  Pal. Pol. 45: 1-220. 
Ascocerida,Barrandeocerina,Discosorida,Ellesmerocerida,Nautilida, Oncocerida,Orthocerida,Plectronocerida,Tarphycerida, Tarphycerina.  

Dzik, J (1991), Is fossil evidence consistent with traditional views of the early metazoan phylogeny? in AM Simonetta & S Conway Morris (eds.), The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge Univ. Press. 
Helcionellidae

Dzik, J (1993), Early Metazoan Evolution and the Meaning of its Fossil Record, in MK Hecht et al. (eds.), Evolutionary Biology. Plenum Press 27: 367. 
Solenogastres.  

Dzik, J (1994), Evolution of 'small shelly fossils' assemblages. Acta Pal. Pol. 39: 247 - 313. 
Paragastropoda.  

Dzik, J (1995), Yunnanozoon and the ancestry of chordates. Acta Pal. Pol. 40: 341-360. 
Vetulicolia.  

E

Eckert C, HC Schröder, D Brandt, S Perovic-Ottstadt & WEG Müller (2006), Histochemical and electron microscopic analysis of spiculogenesis in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 54: 1031–1040.
Demospongiae.

Edgecombe, GD & G Giribet (2002), Myriapod Phylogeny and the Relationships of Chilopoda, in J Llorente Bousquets & JJ Morrone [eds.], Biodiversidad, Taxonomía y Biogeografía de Artropodos de México: Hacia una Síntesis de su Conocimiento. Prensas de Ciencias, Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. 3: 143-168.
Myriapoda.  

Edgecombe, G. D., G. Giribet, C. W. Dunn, A. Hejnol,R. M. Kristensen, R. C. Neves, G. W. Rouse, K. Worsaae, and M. V. Sorensen. 2011. Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Organisms Diversity and Evolution. DOI 10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4.
Classification.

Eerkes-Medrano DI & SP Leys (2006), Ultrastructure and embryonic development of a syconoid calcareous sponge.  Invert. Biol. 125: 177-194.
Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha. 

Eisenmann, DM, JN Maloof, JS Simske, C Kenyon & SK Kim (1998), The β-catenin homolog BAR-1 and LET-60 Ras coordinately regulate the Hox gene lin-39 during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. Development 125: 3667-3680.
Hox Genes. 

Eldredge, N (1974), Revision of the Suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata: Meristmata), with remarks on merostome phylogeny. Am. Mus. Nov.  #2543, 41 pp. 
Chasmataspida. 

Ereskovsky AV & EL Gonobobleva (2000), New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Zoosystema 22: 355- 368.
Demospongiae,Homoscleromorpha. 

Erpenbeck D & RWM van Soest (2006), Status and perspective of sponge chemosystematics. Marine Biotech. 9: 2-19.
Homoscleromorpha.

Erpenbeck D & G Wörheide (2007), On the molecular phylogeny of sponges (Porifera). Zootaxa 1668: 107-126.
Homoscleromorpha.

Erwin, DH & EH Davidson (2002), The last common bilaterian ancestor. Development 129: 3021-3032.  
Bilateria.  

Exposito J-Y, C Cluzel, R Garrone & C Lethias (2002), Evolution of Collagens. Anat. Rec. 268: 302-316.
Demospongiae,Homoscleromorpha.

Extavour, CG & M Akam (2003), Mechanisms of germ cell specification across the metazoans: epigenesis and preformation.  Development 130: 5869-5884.  
Bilateria.  

F

Fautin, DG & SL Romano (2000), Anthozoa: Sea anemones, corals and sea pens, in The Tree of Life (acc. 050815). 
Radiata.  

[Feng, W-M] 冯 伟民, [Z Chen] 陈 哲, & [W-G Shun] 孙 卫国 (2002), 晚前寒武纪末至早寒武世生物骨髓: 微细结构的分异. Sci. China D 32: 850-856. 
Irregulares.

Fenton, MA & CL Fenton (1958), The Fossil Book. Doubleday. 
Nautiloidea.  

Flower, RH (1955), Saltations in nautiloid coiling. Evolution 9: 244-260. 
Ellesmerocerida,Endocerida.    

Flower, RH & BA Kummel (1950), A classification of the Nautiloidea, J. Paleontol., 24: 604-616. 
Actinocerida,Ascocerida, Barrandeocerina,Discosorida, Ellesmerocerida,Endocerida, Nautilida,Oncocerida, Orthocerida,Pseudorthocerida,Tarphycerina.  

Friedrich, M D Tautz (1995), rDNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of the Myriapoda. Nature, 376: 165-167. 
Myriapoda.  

Funch, P & RM Kristensen (1995), Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Endoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378: 711-714. 
Protostomia.  

Furlong, RF & PWH Holland (2002), Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports monophyly of Ambulacraria and of cyclostomes. Zool. Sci. 19: 593-599. 
Ambulacraria.  

Futuyma, D (1997), Evolutionary Biology [3rd ed.] Sinauer Assocs. 
Mollusca Shell Morphology.  

G

Galloway JJ & J St. Jean (1955), The Type of the Stromatoporoid species Stromatocerium rugosum Hall. Am. Mus. Nov. No. 1728, 12 pp.
Stromatoporoidea. 

García-Fernàndez, J (2005), Hox, ParaHox, ProtoHox: facts and guesses.  Heredity 94: 145-152.
Hox Genes. 

Gatenby JB (1927), Further notes on the gametogenesis and fertilization of sponges. J. Cell Sci. 282: 173-188. 
Homoscleromorpha.

Ghysen, A (2003), The origin and evolution of the nervous system. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47: 555-562.  
Bilateria, Hox Genes.  

Giraldo, R & R Díaz-Orejas (2001), Similarities between the DNA replication initiators of Gram-negative bacteria plasmids (RepA) and eukaryotes (Orc4p)/archaea (Cdc6p). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98: 4938-4943.
Hox Genes

Giribet, G & CS Carranza (1999), Point Counter Point. What can 18S rDNA do for Bivalve phylogeny? J. Mol. Evol. 48: 256-258. 
Bivalvia Dendrogram.  

Giribet G, & C Ribera (1998), The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: a search for a reliable outgroup for internal arthropod phylogeny. Mol Phylogen. Evol. 9: 481-488. 
Deuterostomia, Spiralia,Protostomia.  

Giribet, G, DL Distel, M Polz, W Sterrer & WC Wheeler (2000), Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology.  Syst. Biol. 49: 539-562. 
Bilateria.  

Giribet, G, S Richter, GD Edgecombe, & WC Wheeler (2005), The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda - evidence from nine genes and morphology, in S Koenemann & R Jenner (eds.), Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. Crustacean Issues 16: 307-352. 
Crustacea. 

Golikov, AN & YIS Tarobogatov (1975), Systematics of prosobranch gastropods. Malacologia 15:185 - 232. 
Bellerophontida,"Bellerophontiforms",Eogastropoda,Patellogastropoda, Tropodiscidae.  

Green CR & PR Bergquist (1982), Phylogenetic relationships within the Invertebrata in relation to the structure of septate junctions and the development of 'occluding' junctional types. J. Cell Sci. 53: 279-305.
Glossary.

Grotzinger JP, WA Watters & AH Knoll (2000), Calcified metazoans in thrombolite-stromatolite reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama group, Namibia.  Paleobiology, 26: 334-359.
Irregulares. 

H

Hagadorn JW (2002), Chengjiang: Early record of the Cambrian explosion, in DJ Bottjer, W Etter, JW Hagadorn & CM Tang (eds.), Exceptional Fossil Preservation: A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life. Columbia Univ. Press.
Hexactinellida. 

Halanych, KM (2004), The new view of animal phylogeny. An Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 229-256. 
Bilateria.  

Hanelt, B, D Van Schyndel, CM Adema, LA Lewis & ES Loker (1996), The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 1187–1191.  
Bilateria.  

Haszprunar, G (1988), A preliminary phylogentic analysis of the streptoneurous gastropods, in Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacol. Rev. Supplement 4: 7-17. 
Eogastropoda,Gastropod Systematics, Orthogastropoda.   

Haszprunar, G (1988a), A preliminary phylogentic analysis of the streptoneurous gastropods, in Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacol. Rev. Supplement 4: 7-17. A short cladistic revision of the Prosobranchia. 
Molluscan Phylogeny.  

Haszprunar, G. (2000), Is the Aplacophora monophyletic? A cladistic point of view. Amer. Malac. Bull. 15: 115-130. 
Caudofoveata,Solenogastres.  

Heinzeller, T & U Welsch (1999), The complex of notochord / neural plate in chordates and the complex of hydrocoel / ectoneural cord in echinoderms - analogous or homologous? in MD Candia Carnevalli & F Bonasoro [eds.], Echinoderm Research 1998. AA Balkema, pp. 285-290. 
Deuterostomia.  

Hejnol, A & R Schnabel (2004), The eutardigrade Thulinia stephaniae has an indeterminate development and the potential to regulate early blastomere ablations. Development 132: 1349-1361. 
Bilateria.  

Helfenbein, KG, HM Fourcade, RG Vanjani & JL Boore (2004), The mitochondrial genome of Paraspadella gotoi is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 101: 10639-10643. 
Deuterostomia.  

Herlyn, H, O Piskurek, J Schmitz, U Ehlers, & H Zischler (2003), The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogen. & Evol. 26: 155-164. 
Bilateria.  

Hinman, VF, EK O'Brien, GS Richards & BM Degnan (2003) Expression of anterior Hox genes during larval development of the gastropod Haliotis asinina. Evol. Devel. 5: 508–521. [abstract].
Hox Genes. 

Hladil J (2007), The earliest growth stages of Amphipora, in B Hubmann & WE Piller (eds.), Fossil Corals and Sponges. Proceedings of the 9th Int. Symp. Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Schriftenr. Erdwiss. Komm. 17: 51–65.
Porifera Dendrogram,Stromatoporoidea

Hooge, MD & N Eppinger (2005), New species of Acoela (Acoelomorpha) from the Gulf of California. Zootaxa 1009, 14pp. 
Bilateria.  

Hutchinson, JR (2001), The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 131: 123-168. 
Glossary

Hou, X-G & J Bergstrom (1997), Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China. Fossils & Strata 45: 1-116. 
Euarthropoda,Radiata.  

Hughes, CL & TC Kauffman (2002), Exploring the myriapod body plan: expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede. Development 129: 1225-1238.
Hox Genes. 

I

Igo H, H Igo & S Adachi (1988), Permian sphinctozoan sponges from the Ichinotani Formation, Hida Massif, central Japan. Trans. Proc. Pal. Soc. Japan, N.S., 150: 453-464.
Stromatoporoidea. 

Ikuta, T, N Yoshida, N Satoh & H Saiga (2004), Ciona intestinalis hox gene cluster: Its dispersed structure and residual colinear expression in development.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 101: 15118-15123.
Hox Genes

Irvine, SQ & MQ Martindale (2001), Comparative analysis of hox gene expression in the polychaete Chaetopterus: Implications for the evolution of body plan regionalization. Amer. Zool. 41: 640-651.
Hox Genes.

Israelsson, O (1999), New light on the enigmatic Xenoturbella (phylum uncertain): ontogeny and phylogeny.  Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266: 835-841. 
Ambulacraria. 

Iyer, D, D Chang, J Marx, L Wei, EN Olson, MS Parmacek, A Balasubramanyam, & RJ Schwartz (2006), Serum response factor MADS box serine-162 phosphorylation switches proliferation and myogenic gene programs.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103: 4516-4521.
Hox Genes

J

Janvier, P (1996), Early Vertebrates, Oxford, 393 pp.
Hox Genes. 

Jefferies, RPS (1986), The Ancestry of the Vertebrates. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 
Deuterostomia,Homalozoa, Stylophora,Vetulocystidae.  

Jefferies, RPS (1997), How chordates and echinoderms separated from each other and the problem of dorso-ventral inversion.  Pal. Soc. Papers 3: 249-266. 
Cincta,Ctenocystoidea,Soluta.  

Jiang G-Q, MJ Kennedy & N Christie-Blick (2003), Stable isotopic evidence for methane seeps in Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonates. Nature 426: 822-826.
Stromatoporoidea.

Jiménez-Guri, E, J Paps, J García-Fernàndez & E Saló (2006), Hox and ParaHox genes in Nemertodermatida, a basal bilaterian clade. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50: 675-679.
Hox Genes

K

Kent, ML, KB Andree, JL Bartholomew, M El-Matbouli, SS Desser, RH Devlin, SW Feist, RP Hedrick, RW Hoffmann, J Khattra, SL Hallett, RJG Lester, M Longshaw, O Palenzeula, ME Siddalli & C-X Xiao (2001), Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48: 395-413. 
Bilateria.  

Kim, C-B, C Amemiya, W Bailey, K Kawasaki, J Mezey, W Milleri, S Minoshima, N Shimizu, Günter Wagner & F Ruddle (2000), Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 97: 1655-1660.
Hox Genes

Kmita-Cunisse, M, F Loosli, J Bièrne & WJ Gehring (1998), Homeobox genes in the ribbonworm Lineus sanguineus: Evolutionary implications.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 95: 3030-3035.
Hox Genes

Knight, JB & EL Yochelson (1960), Monoplacophora, in RC Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part I. Mollusca. Geol. Soc. Amer. & Kansas Univ. Press, 1: 77-84. 
Monoplacophora,Polyplacophora, Scenellidae.  

Knight, JB, LR Cox, AM Keen, RL Batten, EL Yochelson & R Robertson (1960), Systematic descriptions [Archaeogastropoda], In RC Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part I. Mollusca. Geol. Soc. Amer. and Kansas Univ. Press, 1: 169-310. 
Bellerophontida,"Bellerophontiforms",Coreospiridae,Eogastropoda,Euomphalida, Gastropoda,Gastropod Systematics, Helcionellidae,Macluritoidea,Mimospirida,Omphalocirridae,Paragastropoda,Patellogastropoda, Sinuopeidae,Tropodiscidae.   

Kofuji, R, N Sumikawa, M Yamasaki, K Kondo, K Ueda, M Ito, & M Hasebe (2003), Evolution and divergence of the MADS-box gene family based on genome-wide expression analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 1963–1977.
Hox Genes. 

Kouchinsky A, S Bengtson, V Pavlov, B Runnegar, A Val'kov & E Young (2005), Pre-Tommotian age of the lower Pestrotsvet Formation in the Selinde section on the Siberian platform: carbon isotopic evidence. Geol. Mag. 142: 319–325.
Archaeocyatha. 

Kraus, O (1998) Phylogenetic relationships between higher taxa of tracheate arthropods, in in RA Fortey & RH Thomas [eds.], Arthropod Relationships.  Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. 55: 295-303. 
Myriapoda.  

Krautter M (1998), Ecology of siliceous sponges: Application to the environmental interpretation of the Upper Jurassic sponge facies (Oxfordian) from Spain. Cuad. Geol. Ibér. 24: 223-239.
Hexactinellida.

Kuratani, S (2005), Craniofacial development and the evolution of the vertebrates: The old problems on a new background. Zool. Sci. 22: 1-19.
Hox Genes. 

L

Lacalli, TC (2002), Vetulicolians - are they deuterostomes? Chordates? BioEssays 24: 208-211. 
Vetulicolia.

Lacalli, TC, THJ Gilmour & SJ Kelly (1999), The oral nerve plexus in amphioxus larvae: function, cell types and phylogenetic significance, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266: 1461-1470. 
Deuterostomia.  

Larroux C, B Fahey, D Liubicich, VF Hinman, M Gauthier, M Gongora, K Green, G Wörheide, SP Leys, & BM Degnan (2006), Developmental expression of transcription factor genes in a demosponge: insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity. Evol. Devel. 8: 150-173.
Demospongiae.

Larsson, K (2003), Early Development of Nemertoderma westbladi. Unpub. Degree Project, Uppsala Univ., 13 pp. WWW.
Bilateria.  

Lartillot, N, M Le Gouar & A Adoutte (2002), Expression patterns of fork head and goosecoid homologues in the mollusc Patella vulgata supports the ancestry of the anterior mesendoderm across Bilateria. Dev. Genes Evol. 212: 551-561.  
Bilateria.  

Lavrov, DV & BF Lang (2005), Poriferan mtDNA and animal phylogeny based on mitochondrial gene arrangements. Syst. Biol. 54: 651-659. 
Bilateria.  

Lavrov, DV, WM Brown & JL Boore (2004), Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships.  Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271: 537-544. 
Crustacea. 

Leadbeater B (2001), Evolution of animals – choanoflagellates and sponges. Water & Atmosphere 9: 9-11. Glossary.

Lee, PN, P Callaerts, HG de Couet & MQ Martindale (2003), Cephalopod Hox genes and the origin of morphological novelties. Nature 424:1061-1065.
Hox Genes. 

Lefebvre, B (2003), Functional morphology of stylophoran echinoderms. Palaeontology 46: 511-555. 
Stylophora.  

Lehnert H, R Stone & W Heimler (2005), Two new species of Plakina Schulze, 1880 (Porifera, Plakinidae) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA), Zootaxa 1068: 27-38.
Homoscleromorpha. 

Leinfelder RR, W Werner, M Nose, DU Schmid, M Krautter, R Laternser, M Takacs & D Hartmann (1996), Paleoecology, growth parameters and dynamics of coral, sponge and microbolite reefs from the Late Jurassic. In J Reitner, F Neuweiler & FA Gunkel (eds.), Global and Regional Controls on Biogenic Sedimentation. I. Reef Evolution. Research Reports. Göttinger Arb. Geol. Paläont., Sb2, 227-248.
Irregulares, Stromatoporoidea..  

Levinton, J, L Dubb & GA Wray (2004), Simulations of evolutionary radiations and their application to understanding the probability of a Cambrian Explosion. J. Paleontol. 78: 31-38.  
Bilateria.  

Leys SP (2003), The significance of syncytial tissues for the position of the Hexactinellida in the Metazoa. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43: 19-27.
Hexactinellida.

Leys SP, E Cheung & N Boury-Esnaulty (2006), Embryogenesis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta: Formation of syncytia by fusion of blastomeres. Integr. Comp. Biol., 46: 104-117. 
Hexactinellida,Porifera. 

Leys SP, TW Cronin, BM Degnan & JN Marshall (2002), Spectral sensitivity in a sponge larva. J. Comp. Physiol. A 188: 199-202.
Demospongiae. 

Leys SP & BM Degnan (2001), Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva.  Biol. Bull. 201: 323-338.
Demospongiae, Glossary. 

Leys SP & AV Ereskovsky (2006), Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges. Can. J. Zool. 84: 262–287.
Glossary, Homoscleromorpha, Irregulares. 

Li C-W, J-Y Chen & T-E Hua (1998), Precambrian sponges with cellular structures. Science 279: 879-882. 
Glossary,Porifera.

Liem, KF, WE Bemis, WF Walker & L Grande (2001), Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective [3rd ed.]. Harcourt College, 703+ pp.
Hox Genes. 

Lindberg, DR (1988), The Patellogastropoda, in Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacol. Rev. Suppl. 4: 35-63. 
Eogastropoda,Patellogastropoda.  

Linsley, RM (1978), Locomotion rates and shell form in the gastropoda. Malacologia 17: 193-206. 
Bellerophontida,"Bellerophontiforms".  

Linsley, RM & WM Kier (1984), The Paragastropoda: A proposal for a new class of Paleozoic Mollusca. Malacologia 25: 241-254. 
Euomphalida,Macluritoidea,Mimospirida,Omphalocirridae,Paragastropoda,Pelagiellida.  

M

Maddison, DR (2002), Deuterostomia, in The Tree of Life (acc. 050815). 
Deuterostomia.  

Macpherson, JH & CJ Gabriel (1962), Marine Molluscs of Victoria. Melbourne University Press. 
Actophila,Bivalvia,Bivalvia Shell, Gastropoda,Basommatophora.  

Maeda, RK & F Karch (2006), The ABC of the BX-C: the bithorax complex explained.  Development 133: 1413-1422.
Hox Genes

Maggenti AR, MA Maggenti & SL Gardner (2005), On-Line Dictionary of Invertebrate Biology.
Glossary.

Maldonado M (2004), Choanoflagellates, choanocytes, and animal multicellularity. Invert. Bio. 123: 1-22. 
Demospongiae, ,Homoscleromorpha,Glossary.

Maldonado M, M Durfort, DA McCarthy & CM Young (2003), The cellular basis of photobehavior in the tufted parenchymella larva of demosponges. Marine Biol. 143: 427-441.
Glossary, Porifera Notes.

Maldonado M, SB George, CM Young & I Vaquerizo (1997), Depth regulation in parenchymella larvae of a demosponge: relative roles of skeletogenesis, biochemical changes and behavior, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 148: 115-124.
Porifera Notes. 

Maldonado M & A Riesgo (2007), Intra-epithelial spicules in a homosclerophorid sponge. Cell Tissue Res. 328: 639-650.
Demospongiae,Homoscleromorpha.

Maloof AC, DP Schrag, JL Crowley & SA Bowring (2006), An expanded record of Early Cambrian carbon cycling from the Anti-Atlas margin, Morocco. Can J. Earth Sci. 42: 2195-2216.
Archaeocyatha. 

Margulis, L & KV Schwartz (1982), Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. W.H.Freeman. 
Classification.

Martin, JW & GE Davis (2001), An updated classification of the recent Crustacea.  Science Ser., Nat. Hist. Mus. L.A. Co., No. 39, 124 pp.
Crustacea. 

Martindale, MQ, K Pang & JR Finnerty (2004), Investigating the origins of triploblasty: ‘mesodermal’ gene expression in a diploblastic animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum, Cnidaria; class, Anthozoa). Development 131: 2463-2474.
Hox Genes.

Martínez-Menarguez JA, H Geuze & J Ballesta (1996), Evidence for a nonlysosomal origin of the acrosome. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 44: 313-320.
Glossary.

Medina M, AG Collins, JD Silberman & ML Sogin (2001), Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 98: 9707–9712.
Demospongiae, Hexactinellida.

Meert JG & BS Lieberman (2004), A palaeomagnetic and palaeobiogeographic perspective on latest Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian tectonic events. J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 161: 477-487.
Archaeocyatha. 

Meinhardt, H (2002), The radial-symmetric hydra and the evolution of the bilateral body plan: an old body became a young brain. BioEssays 24: 185-191.  
Bilateria.  

Miller, A. J. (2004), A revised morphology of Cloudina with ecological and phylogenetic implications. unpublished mss.
Irregulares.

Miller, SA & JP Harley (1996), Zoology [3rd ed.] Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 
Deuterostomia.

Minguillon, C & J Garcia-Fernandez (2002), The single amphioxus Mox gene: Insights into the functional evolution of Mox genes, somites, and the asymmetry of amphioxus somitogenesis. Devel. Biol. 246: 455-465. 
Deuterostomia.  

Minguillón, C & J Garcia-Fernàndez (2003), Genesis and evolution of the Evx and Mox genes and the extended Hox and ParaHox gene clusters.  Genome Biol. 4: R12.
Hox Genes. 

Minguillón C, J Gardenyes, E Serra, LFC Castro, A Hill-Force, PWH Holland, CT Amemiya, & J Garcia-Fernàndez (2005), No more than 14: the end of the amphioxus Hox cluster. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 1: 19-23.
Hox Genes. 

Misevic GN, Y Guerardel, LT Sumanovski, M-C Slomianny, M Demarty, C Ripoll, Y Karamanos, E Maes, O Popescu & G Strecker (2004), Molecular recognition between glyconectins as an adhesion self-assembly pathway to multicellularity. J. Biol. Chem., 279: 15579-15590.
Porifera. 

Mizzaro-Wimmer, M & L Salvini-Plawen (2001), Praktische Malakologie: Beiträge zur vergleichend-anatomischen Bearbeitung der Mollusken: Caudofoveata bis Gastropoda – "Streptoneura".  Springer, 188 pp. 
Molluscan Phylogeny.  

Momose, T & E Houliston (2007), Two oppositely localised frizzled RNAs as axis determinants in a cnidarian embryo. PLoS Biol. 5: e70.
Hox Genes. 

Monteiro, AS & DEK Ferrier (2006), Hox genes are not always colinear.  Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2: 95-103.
Hox Genes. 

Monteiro, AS, B Okamura & PWH Holland (2002), Orphan worm finds a home: Buddenbrockia is a myxozoan. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 968–971. 
Bilateria.  

Moore, Lalicker & Fischer (1952), Invertebrate Fossils, McGraw-Hill, 766 pp. 
Archaeocyatha,Ascocerida,Bactritida, Barrandeocerina,Bellerophontida,"Bellerophontiforms",Bivalvia,Bivalvia Gills, Bivalvia Shell, Cephalopoda Glossary, Ellesmerocerida,Endocerida, Eogastropoda,Euomphalida, Macluritoidea,Oncocerida,Paterinida,Sinuopeidae,Stylommatophora, Tarphycerina.  

Morris, PJ (1991), Functional Morphology and Phylogeny: an Assessment of Monophyly in the Kingdom Animalia and Paleozoic Nearly-Planispiral Snail-Like Mollusks. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation., Harvard University. 406 pp. 
Paragastropoda.  

Müller WEG (2001), How was metazoan threshold crossed? The hypothetical Urmetazoa. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 129: 433-460. 
Glossary.

Müller WEG (2003), The origin of metazoan complexity: Porifera as integrated animals. Integr. Comp. Biol., 43: 3–10.
Porifera. 

Müller WEG, OV Kaluzhnaya, SI Belikov, M Rothenberger, HC Schröder, A Reiber, JA Kaandorp, B Manz, D Mietchen, & F Volke (2006), Magnetic resonance imaging of the siliceous skeleton of the demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. J. Struct. Biol. 153: 31-41.
Demospongiae.

Müller WEG, J-H Li, HC Schröder, L Qiao& X-H Wang (2007), The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review. Biogeosciences 4: 219-232.
Archaeocyatha, Demspongiae,Hexactinellida, Porifera. 

Murakami, Y, M Pasqualetti, Y Takio, S Hirano, FM Rijli & S Kuratani (2003), Segmental development of reticulospinal and branchiomotor neurons in lamprey: insights into the evolution of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development 131: 983-995.
Hox Genes. 

Muricy G, N Boury-Esnault, C Bézac & J Vacelet (1998), Taxonomic revision of the Mediterranean Plakina Schulze (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 124: 169-203.
Homoscleromorpha.

N

Nelson, DL & MM Cox (2005), Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th ed. WH Freeman, 1119+ pp.
Hox Genes

Nichols SA, W Dirks, JS Pearse & N King (2006), Early evolution of animal cell signaling and adhesion genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 103: 12451–12456.
Homoscleromorpha, Porifera

O

O'Kelly CJ, MA Farmer & TA Nerad (1999), Ultrastructure of Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs) and similarities of Trimastix species with retortamonads and jakobids. Protist 150: 149-162. 
Glossary.

Ostrom, JH (1992), A history of vertebrate successes. In JW Schopf (ed.), Major Events in the History of Life. Jones and Bartlett.
Glossary.

P

Packard, A (1972), Cephalopods and fish - - the limits of convergence. Biol. Rev. 47: 241-307. 
Cephalopod Brain.   

Papillon, D, Y Perez, L Fasano, Y Le Parco & X Caubit (2005), Restricted expression of a median Hox gene in the central nervous system of chaetognaths. Dev. Genes Evol. 215: 369–373.  
Bilateria, Hox Genes.  

Parker, SP (ed.) (1982), Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2 vv. Bivalvia Dendrogram,Solenogastres.  

Parmley, JL, AO Urrutia, L Potrzebowski, H Kaessmann, & LD Hurst (2007), Splicing and the evolution of proteins in mammals.  PLoS Biol. 5: e14.
Hox Genes.   

Parsley, RL (1997), The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: Non Calcichordata. Pal. Soc. Papers 3: 225-248. 
Soluta.  

Parsley, RL (1999), The Cincta (Homostelea) as blastozoans, in MD Candia Carnevalli & F Bonasoro [eds.], Echinoderm Research 1998. AA Balkema, pp. 369-375. 
Cincta,Ctenocystoidea.   

Patterson, DJ (1999), The diversity of eukaryotes. Amer. Naturalist 65: S96-S124.
Demospongiae, Porifera Notes.

Pearson, JC, D Lemons & W McGinnis (2005), Modulating Hox gene functions during animal body patterning.  Nature Rev. Genetics 6: 893-904.
Hox Genes. 

Peel, J (1991), Functional morphology of the Class Helcionelloida nov., and the early evolution of the Mollusca, in AM Simonetta & S Conway Morris (eds.), The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp.157-177. 
"Bellerophontiforms",Helcioelloida,Helcionelloida Dendrogram, Molluscan Phylogeny,Monoplacophora,Rostroconchia,Stenothecidae,Tergomya, Yochelcionellidae.  

Perejón A & E Moreno-Eiris (2006), Arqueociatos de España: Bioconstrucciones y puesta al día de la sistemática y la bioestratigrafía. Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. (Sec. Geol.), 101: 105-145.
Archaeocyatha,Irregulares. 

Peterson, KJ & DJ Eernisse (2001), Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol. Devel. 3: 170-205. 
Deuterostomia,Bilateria, Ecdysozoa,Spiralia, Protostomia.  

Peterson, KJ, SQ Irvine, RA Cameron & EH Davidson (2000), Quantitative assessment of hox complex expression in the indirect development of the polychaete annelid Chaetopterus sp. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 97: 4487-4492.
Hox Genes

Peterson, KJ, MA McPeek & DAD Evans (2005), Tempo and mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, and molecular clocks. Paleobiology 31: 36-55. 
Hox Genes

Peterson, KJ, B Waggoner & JW Haggadorn (2003), A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils? Integr. Comp. Biol. 43: 127-136.  
Bilateria,Porifera.  

Philippe, H, N Lartillot & H Brinkmann (2005), Multigene analyses of bilaterian animals corroborate the monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 1246-1253. 
Bilateria.  

Pojeta, J (1980), Molluscan Phylogeny. Tulane Stud. Geol. & Paleontol. 16: 55-80. 
Helcionelloida Dendrogram, Rostroconchia.  

Pojeta, J ( 1987), Class Pelecypoda, in AH Cheetham & AJ Rowell (eds.) Fossil Invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific Publs. 
Bivalvia Gills.

Pojeta, J & B Runnegar (1976), The paleontology of the rostrochonch molluscs and the early history of the Phylum Mollusca.  U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper #968, 88 pp. 
Rostroconchia.  

Pojeta, J, B Runnegar, NJ Morris & ND Newell (1972), Rostrochonchia: A new class of bivalved mollusks. Science 177: 264-266. 
Rostroconchia.  

Ponder, WF & DR Lindberg (1996), Gastropod phylogeny -- challenges for the 90's, in J Taylor (ed.), Origin and Evolutionary Radiation o f the Mollusca. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 135-154. 
Euomphalida,Gastropod Systematics.   

Ponder, WF & DR Lindberg (1997), Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 119: 83-265. 
Eogastropoda,Euomphalida.  

Pushkin A & I Kurtz (2006), SLC4 base (HCO₃^-, CO₃^2-) transporters: classification, function, structure, genetic diseases, and knockout models. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290: F580–F599. 
Demospongiae.

R

Raup, DM (1962), Computer as aid in describing form in gastropod shells. Science 138: 150-152. 
Mollusca Shell Morphology.  

Raup, DM (1966), Geometric analysis of shell coiling: general problems. J. Paleontol. 40: 1178-1190.
Mollusca Shell Morphology.  

Richardson, PM, S Lucas, RA Cameron, L Rowen, R Nesbitt, S Bloom, JP Rast, K Berney, C Arenas-Mena, P Martinez, EH Davidson, KJ Peterson & L Hood (2005), Unusual gene order and organization of the sea urchin hox cluster. Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab. Paper LBNL-57898.
Hox Genes.  

Regier, JC, JW Shultz & RE Kambic (2005), Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic.  Proc. R. Soc. B 272: 395–401. 
Crustacea. 

Rieger, RM & P Ladurner (2003), The significance of muscle cells for the origin of mesoderm in Bilateria. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43: 47-54. 
Bilateria.  

Reitner J & TS Engeser (1987), Skeletal structures and habitats of Recent and fossil Acanthochaetetes (subclass Tetractinomorpha, Demospongiae, Porifera). Coral Reefs 6: 13-18.
Stromatoporoidea. 

Riesgo A, M Maldonado & M Dufort (2007), Dynamics of gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and larval release in a Mediterranean homosclerophorid demosponge. Mar. Freshw. Res. 58: 398-417.
Homoscleromorpha.

Riesgo A, C Taylor & SP Leys (2007), Reproduction in a carnivorous sponge: the significance of the absence of an aquiferous system to the sponge body plan. Evol. Devel. 9: 618-631.
Demospongiae, Glossary,Homoscleromorpha,Porifera Dendrogram.

Robison, RA (1990), Earliest known uniramous arthropod.  Nature 343: 163-164. 
Myriapoda.  

Rogozin, IB, YI Wolf, L Carmel & EV Koonin (2007), Ecdysozoan clade rejected by genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: 1080–1090.
Hox Genes. 

Rokas, A, N King, J Finnerty & SB Carroll (2003), Conflicting phylogenetic signals at the base of the metazoan tree. Evol. Devel. 5: 345-359.  
Bilateria,Hexactinellida.

Rokas, A, D Krüger & SB Carroll (2005), Animal evolution and the molecular signature of radiations compressed in time. Science 310: 1933-1938. 
Bilateria.  

Rollins, HB & RL Batten (1968) A sinus-bearing monoplacophoran and its role in the classification of primitive molluscs.  Paleontology 11:132-140. 
Gastropoda.  
Gastropoda.

Rosenberg, G (1992), Encyclopedia of Seashells, Five Mile Press. 
Patellogastropoda.

Rowland SM (2001), Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation. J. Paleontol., 75: 1065-1078.
Archaeocyatha,Glossary, Reitner J & TS Engeser (1987), Skeletal structures and habitats of Recent and fossil Acanthochaetetes (subclass Tetractinomorpha, Demospongiae, Porifera). Coral Reefs 6: 13-18.
Stromatoporoidea.  . 

Wendt J & B Kaufmann (2006), Middle Devonian (Givetian) coral-stromatoporoid reefs in West Sahara (Morocco). J. Afr. Earth Sci. 44: 339-350.  Stromatoporoidea. 

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Gastropod Systematics.  

Winchell, CJ, J Sullivan, CB Cameron, BJ Swalla, & J Mallatt (2002), Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 762–776. 
Ambulacraria.  

Witmer, LM (1995), Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae. J. Morphol. 225: 269-327. 
Glossary. 

Wittmann, C, O Bossinger, B Goldstein, M Fleischmann, R Kohler, K Brunschwig, H Tobler & F Müller (1997), The expression of the C. elegans labial-like Hox gene ceh-13 during early embryogenesis relies on cell fate and on anteroposterior cell polarity. Development 124: 4193-4200.
Hox Genes. 

Wolf, YI, IB Rogozin & EV Koonin (2004), Coelomata and not Ecdysozoa: Evidence from genome-wide phylogenetic analysis. Genome Res. 14: 29-36.
Hox Genes. 

Wood R (1998), The ecological evolution of reefs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29: 179–206.
Archaeocyatha, Hexactinellida, Porifera, Stromatoporoidea.  . 

Wray, GA & CJ Lowe (2000), Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution.  Syst. Biol. 49: 28-51.
Deuterostomia.  

Wray, GA, JS Levinton & LH Shapiro (1996), Molecular evidence for deep precambrian divergences among metazoan phyla. Science 274: 568-573.  
Bilateria.  

Wright, AD (1979), Brachiopod Radiation, in MR House (ed.), The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups. Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. 12: 235-252, Academic Press. 
Paterinida.  

Wrona R (2004), Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica. Acta Pal. Pol. 49: 13-56.
Archaeocyatha.

Wu VM, J Schulte, A Hirschi, U Tepass & GJ Beitel (2004), Sinuous is a Drosophila claudin required for septate junction organization and epithelial tube size control. J. Cell. Biol. 164: 313-323.
Glossary. 

Y

Yahel G, F Whitney, HM Reiswig, DI Eerkes-Medrano & SP Leys (2007), In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible. Limnol. Oceanor. 52: 428-440.
Hexactinellida.

Yang J, M Adamian & T-S Li (2006), Rootletin interacts with C-Nap1 and may function as a physical linker between the pair of centrioles/basal bodies in cells.  Mol. Biol. Cell 17: 1033-1040.
Demospongiae.

Yang J, J-G Gao, M Adamian, X-H Wen, B Pawlyk, L Zhang, MJ Sanderson, J Zuo, CL Makino, & T-S Li (2005), The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 4129-4137. 
Demospongiae. 

Yang J, X-Q Liu, G-H Yue, M Adamian, O Bulgakov & T-S Li (2002), Rootletin, a novel coiled-coil protein, is a structural component of the ciliary rootlet. J. Cell Biol. 159: 431-440.
Demospongiae. 

Yang, L, M Sym & C Kenyon (2005), The roles of two C. elegans HOX co-factor orthologs in cell migration and vulva development. Development 132: 1413-1428.
Hox Genes. 

Yochelson, EL (1969), Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca. Lethaia 2:.49-62. 
Stenothecidae.  

Yochelson, EL (1978), An alternative approach to the interpretation of the phylogeny of ancient mollusks. Malacologica 17: 165-191. 
Helcionelloida,Molluscan Phylogeny, Monoplacophora,Paragastropoda,Pelagiellida,Scaphopoda.  

Z

Zrzavý, J (2001), The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitol. 48: 81-103. 
Bilateria.  

Zrzavý, J, V Hypsa, & DF Tietz (2001), Myzostomida are not annelids: Molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170-198. 
Protostomia.