Palaeos Vertebrates Laurasiatheria: Dendrogram

The following provisional dendrogram combines the phylogeny provided by ATW with the dendrogram constructed by CKT, along witha few (doubtless misleading) suggestions by MAK. As neither the present dendrogram nor the two it is based on make any claims to authoritativeness, this page serves no purpose other than to delude the unwary reader into thinking we have the answers regarding early Cenozoic mammalian phylogeny. This dendrogram is therefore only retained until something better comes along. (and this disclaimer applies to all the dendrograms on Palaeos) MAK120717

Eutheria ├─Euarchontaglires │ └─Laurasiatheria ├?─Insectivora (molecules - morphology contradiction) ├?─Chiroptera (molecules - morphology contradiction) │ └─Ferungulata [Amblypoda, Arctocyonoidea, Cete, Condylarthra, Cetferungulata, Meniscotheriidae, Triisodontinae] │ i. s.: Didymoconidae [Tshelkariidae] O98 │ │ i. s.: Tshelkaria Gromova 1960 V66 │ ├─Mongoloryctes Van Valen 1966 V66 │ │ └─✶M. auctus (Matthew & Granger 1925) [=Hapalodectes auctus] V66 │ └─┬─Ardynictis Matthew & Granger 1925 V66 │ └─Didymoconus Matthew & Granger 1924 V66 │ └─D. colgatei MHL03 │ Tricuspiodon Lemoine 1885 V66 │ Eobasileus pressicornis C76 ├─┬─Pantodonta PMF88 │ └─Ferae AA02 │ │ i. s.: Triacodon Marsh 1871 V66 │ ├─Pholidota AA02 ToL, MH │ └─┬─Creodonta S78 │ └─Carnivora ANG03 └─┬─Eparctocyona │ ├─Arctostylopida MH │ ├─Baioconodon Gazin 1941 PMF88, MC00 [incl. Ragnarok van Valen 1978 MC00] │ │ ├─B. middletoni PV07 │ │ └─B. nordicum (van Valen 1978) [=Ragnarok nordicum] MC00 │ └─┬─Oxyclaenidae M66 │ │ ├─Oxyclaenus PMF88 │ │ │ ├─O. cuspidatus V66 │ │ │ └─O. simplex V66 │ │ └─Metachriacus Simpson 1935 M66, S35b │ │ ├─✶M. punitor Simpson 1935 S35b │ │ └─M. provocator Simpson 1935 S35b │ └─┬─Goniacodon PMF88 │ └─┬─Triisodontidae │ │ ├─Eoconodon gaudrianus O01, V66 │ │ └─Triisodon O98 │ │ ├─T. antiquus O98 │ │ └─T. quivirensis O98 │ └─Paraxonia [Acreodi] GO01 │ ├─Cetartiodactyla O01 │ ├─Microclaenodon assurgens O98 │ └─┬─┬─┬─Bulbulodentata MC00 MH │ │ │ │ ├─Panameriungulata MC00 │ │ │ │ └─Periptychidae MC00 │ │ │ │ │ i. s.: Maiorana noctiluca van Valen 1978 MC00 │ │ │ │ │ Mimatuta minuial van Valen 1978 MC00 │ │ │ │ │ Perutherium MC00 │ │ │ │ ├─┬─Hemithlaeus PMF88 │ │ │ │ │ └─Ectoconus majusculus PMF88, M94 │ │ │ │ └─┬─┬─Anisonchus sectorius (Cope 1881) PMF88, S35b │ │ │ │ │ └─Conacodon PMF88 │ │ │ │ └─┬─Haploconus PMF88 │ │ │ │ └─┬─Carsioptychus PMF88 │ │ │ │ └─Periptychus PMF88 │ │ │ │ ├─P. rhabdodon PMF88 │ │ │ │ └─P. superstes S35a │ │ │ └─┬─Hyopsodontidae PMF88 MH │ │ │ │ ├─Haplomylus MC00 │ │ │ │ ├─Pascatherium dolloi N85 │ │ │ │ ├─Haplaletes Simpson 1935 S35b │ │ │ │ │ └─✶H. disceptatrix Simpson 1935 S35b │ │ │ │ ├─Litomylus Simpson 1935 S35b │ │ │ │ │ └─✶L. dissentaneus Simpson 1935 S35b │ │ │ │ ├─Apheliscus Cope 1875 RL00, C76 [Apheliscidae] │ │ │ │ │ └─A. insidiosus (Cope 1874) [=Prototomus insidiosus] C76 │ │ │ │ ├─Epapheliscus Van Valen 1966 V66 │ │ │ │ │ └─✶E. italicus Van Valen 1966 V66 │ │ │ │ └─Hyopsodus PMF88 │ │ │ │ ├─✶H. paulus C76 │ │ │ │ ├─H. miticulus (Cope 1874) [=Esthonyx miticulus] C76 │ │ │ │ └─H. vicarius C76 │ │ │ └─Meridiungulata MH │ │ └─Arctocyonidae O01 │ └─Mesonychoidea O01 MH └─┬─┬─┬─Radinskya F02 │ │ └─Perissodactyla O01 │ └─┬─Tetragonostylops [Astrapotheria] MC00 │ └─Uintatheriamorpha MC00 │ ├─Dinocerata MC00 (note, placement not certain) │ │ ├─Loxolophodon cornutus C76 │ │ ├─Mongolotherium PMF88 │ │ └─Uintatherium C76 [incl. Dinoceras Marsh 1872 C76, FT93; Uintatheriidae PMF88] │ │ └─U. mirabile C76 │ └─Pyrotheria PMF88 │ ├─Carodnia [Xenungulata] PMF88 │ └─┬─Carolozittelia PMF88 │ └─┬─Griphodon PMF88 │ └─Pyrotherium PMF88 └─Phenacodontidae PMF88 │ i. s.: Copecion brachypternus MC00 │ Gidleyina Simpson 1935 S35b │ ├─✶G. montanensis Gidley in Simpson 1935 [=Ectocion montanensis, Euprotogonia montanensis] S35b │ └─G. silberlingi Gidley in Simpson 1935 [=Ectocion silberlingi, Euprotogonia silberlingi] S35b │ Lophocion HD04 ├─Tetraclaenodon MC00 │ ├─T. pliciferus S35b │ ├─T. puercensis PMF88 [=Euprotogonia puercensis PMF88] │ ├─T. superior Simpson 1935 S35b │ └─T. symbolicus Gidley in Simpson 1935 S35b └─┬─┬─Ectocion osbornianus PMF88, MC00 │ └─Meniscotherium Cope 1874 PMF88, C76 │ ├─M. chamense Cope 1874 C76 │ └─M. terraerubrae M94 └─Phenacodus Cope 1873 PMF88, C76 ├─P. copei PMF88 ├─P. gidleyi S35a ├─P. grangeri MC00 ├─P. matthewi S35a ├─P. omnivorus Cope 1874 C76 ├─P. primaevus Cope 1873 C76 ├─P. sulcatus Cope 1874 C76 └─P. wortmani ANG03

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[ANG03] Asher, R. J., M. J. Novacek & J. H. Geisler. 2003. Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1-2): 131-194.

[C76] Cope, E. D. 1876. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i-iv, 1-370.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.

[F02] Froehlich, D. J. 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 141-256.

[GO01] Gatesy, J., & M. A. O'Leary. 2001. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (10): 562-570.

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[M94] MacPhee, R. D. E. 1994. Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 220: 1-214.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1-247.

[MC00] Muizon, C. de, & R. L. Cifelli. 2000. The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): Implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47-150.

[N85] Novacek, M. J. 1985. The Sespedectinae, a new subfamily of hedgehog-like insectivores. American Museum Novitates 2822: 1-24.

[O98] O'Leary, M. A. 1998. Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In The Emergence of Whales (J. G. M. Thewissen, ed.) pp. 133-161. Plenum Press: New York.

[O01] O'Leary, M. A. 2001. The phylogenetic position of cetaceans: Further combined data analyses, comparisons with the stratigraphic record and a discussion of character optimization. American Zoologist 41: 487-506.

[PV06] Prasad, G. V. R., O. Verma, A. Sahni, V. Parmar & A. Khosla. 2007. A Cretaceous hoofed mammal from India. Science 318: 937.

[PMF88] Prothero, D. R., E. M. Manning & M. Fischer. 1988. The phylogeny of the ungulates. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2. Mammals (M. J. Benton, ed.) pp. 201-234. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[RL00] Rose, K. D., & S. G. Lucas. 2000. An early Paleocene palaeanodont (Mammalia, ?Pholidota) from New Mexico, and the origin of Palaeanodonta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1): 139-156.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[S35a] Simpson, G. G. 1935a. The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene. I.–Multituberculata, Marsupialia, Insectivora, and ?Chiroptera. American Museum Novitates 795: 1-19.

[S35b] Simpson, G. G. 1935b. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221-244.

[V66] Van Valen, L. 1966. Deltatheridia, a new order of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132 (1): 1-126.

[C76] Cope, E. D. 1876. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4(2): i-iv, 1-370.

[HD04] Hooker, J. J. & D. Dashzeveg. 2004. The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology 47 (6): 1363-1386.

[S35a] Simpson, G. G. 1935a. The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene. I.–Multituberculata, Marsupialia, Insectivora, and ?Chiroptera. American Museum Novitates 795: 1-19.

[S35b] Simpson, G. G. 1935b. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221-244.