Palaeos:		Stem Metazoa
EUKARYA		References

Stem Metazoa References

EUKARYA
|--Metamonada 
`--+--Discicristata 
   `--+--Rhizaria 
      `--+--+--+--Alveolata 
         |  |  `--Chromista 
         |  `--Plantae
         `--STEM METAZOA 
            |--Apusomonadida  
            `--+--Amoebozoa 
               `--+--Microsporidia  
                  `--+--FUNGI
                     `--METAZOA

Bacchi, CJ, LM Weiss, S Lane, B Frydman, A Valasinas, V Reddy, JS Sun, LJ Marton, IA Khan, M Moretto, N Yarlett, & M Wittner (2002), Novel synthetic polyamines are effective in the treatment of experimental microsporidiosis, an opportunistic AIDS-associated infection.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 55-61.  Microsporidia.

Bohne, W, DJP Ferguson, K Kohler, & U Gross (2000), Developmental expression of a tandemly repeated, glycine- and serine-rich spore wall protein in the microsporidian pathogen Encephalitozoon cuniculi.  Infect. Immun. 68: 2268–2275.  Microsporidia.

Canning, EU, A Curry, & RM Overstreet (2002), Ultrastructure of Tuzetia weidneri sp. n. (Microsporidia: Tuzetiidae) in Skeletal Muscle of Litopenaeus setiferus and Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Crustacea: Decapoda) and New Data on Perezia nelsoni (Microsporidia: Pereziidae) in L. setiferus.  Acta Protozool. 41:63-77.  Microsporidia.

Cavalier-Smith, T (2002), The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 297-354.  Stem Metazoa. 

Cavalier-Smith, T & EE-Y Chao (1995), The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi and choanoflagellates. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., B 261: 1-6.  Apusomonadida.

Cavalier-Smith, T & EE-Y Chao (2003), Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. J. Mol. Evol. 56: 540-63.  Apusomonadida

Delbac, F, I Peuvel, G Metenier, E Peyretaillade, & CP Vivares (2001), Microsporidian invasion apparatus: Identification of a novel polar tube protein and evidence for clustering of ptp1 and ptp2 genes in three Encephalitozoon species.  Infect. Immun. 69: 1016–1024.  Microsporidia.

Didier, ES (1998), Microsporidosis.  Clin. Infect. Dis. 27: 1-8.  Microsporidia.

Edgcomb, VP, AJ Roger, AGB Simpson, DT Kysela, & ML Sogin (2001), Evolutionary relationships among "jakobid" flagellates as indicated by alpha- and beta-tubulin phylogenies.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 514–522.  Microsporidia.

Fast, NM & PJ Keeling (2001), Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 from the microsporidian Nosema locustae: Mitochondrion-derived carbon metabolism in Microsporidia.  Mol. & Biochem. Parasitol. 117: 201-209.  Microsporidia.

Fast, NM, JM Logsdon, Jr., & WF Doolittle (1999), Phylogenetic analysis of the TATA box binding protein (TBP) gene from Nosema locustae: Evidence for a Microsporidia–Fungi relationship and spliceosomal intron loss.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 1415-1419. Microsporidia.

Hashimoto, T., LB Sánchez, T Shirakura, M Müller, & M Hasegawa (1998), Secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis revealed by valyl-tRNA synthetase phylogeny.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 95: 6860-6865.  Microsporidia.

Hausmann, S, CP Vivarès & S Shuman (2002), Characterization of the mRNA capping apparatus of the microsporidian parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi.  J. Biol. Chem. 277: 96-103.  Microsporidia.

Hayman, JR, SF Hayes, J Amon & TE Nash (2001), Developmental expression of two spore wall proteins during maturation of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis.  Infect. Immun. 69: 7057–7066.  Microsporidia.

Hirt, RP, JM Logsdon Jr., B Healy, MW Dorey, WF Doolittle, & TM Embley (1999), Microsporidia are related to Fungi: evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and other proteins.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 96: 580-585.  Microsporidia.

Keeling, PJ (1998), A kingdom’s progress: Archezoa and the origin of eukaryotes.  Bioessays 20: 87–95.  Microsporidia.

Keeling, PJ & NM Fast (2002), Microsporidia: Biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites.  Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 56: 93–116.  Microsporidia.

Keeling, PJ, MA Luker, & JD Palmer (2000), Evidence from beta-tubulin phylogeny that Microsporidia evolved from within the Fungi.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 23–31.  Microsporidia.

Kühna, S, M Langeb & LK Medlinb (2000), Phylogenetic position of Cryothecomonas inferred from nuclear-encoded small subunit Ribosomal RNA, Protist 151: 337–345. Apusomonas.

Patterson, DJ (1999), The diversity of eukaryotes. Amer. Naturalist 65: S96-S124.  Apusomonadida. 

Morris, DJ & A Adams (2002), Development of Schroedera plumatellae gen. n., sp. n. (Microsporidia) in Plumatella fungosa (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata).  Acta Protozool. 41: 383-396.  Microsporidia.

Patterson, DJ & M Zölffel (1991), Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position, in DJ Patterson & J Larsen [eds.] The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates: Systematics Association Special Volume No. 45. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 427–475.  Amastigomonas, Apusomonadida, Apusomonas.   

Peyretaillade, E, C Biderre, P Peyret, F Duffieux, G Méténier, M Gouy, B Michot & CP Vivarès (1998), Microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a unicellular eukaryote with an unusual chromosomal dispersion of ribosomal genes and a LSU rRNA reduced to the universal core.  Nucleic Acids Res. 26: 3513-3520.  Microsporidia. 

Peyretaillade, E, V Broussolle, P Peyret, G Méténier, M Gouy, & CP Vivarès (1998), Microsporidia, amitochondrial protists, possess a 70-kDa heat shock protein gene of mitochondrial evolutionary origin.  Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 683-689.  Microsporidia.