Palaeos		Primates
Vertebrates		Haplorhini

Primates: Haplorhini

ARCHONTA
|
PRIMATES
        |--Strepsirhini
        `--Haplorhini 
           |--Tarsiiformes
           `--Anthropoidea
              |--Platyrrhini
              `--Hominoidea
                 |--Hylobatidae
                 `--Hominidae
                     |--Ponginae
                     `--Homininae

Taxa on This Page

1. Haplorhini
2. Strepsirhini

Descriptions

Haplorhini: men & monkeys.  Defined as tarsiers + Texans

Range: from the Early Eocene.

Phylogeny: Primates : Strepsirhini + * : Tarsiiformes + Anthropoidea.

Characters: short rostrum; tooth comb absent; spatulate incisors; fused mandibular symphysis; upper lip undivided; vibrissae absent; loss of rhinarium; nostrils not separated; $ tapetum lucidum absent [R00]; "fused metopic suture" (??); postorbital septum separates orbits from temporal fossa; $ fovea centralis present {R00]; $ middle ear with anterior accessory cavity if the petrous temporal bone (enhances hearing at low frequencies) [R00]; internal carotid artery; reduced olfactory brain centers; hemochorial placenta present; diurnal.

Links: primate1.html; Haplorhini; primates.jpg; ketal 1997.pdf; Order Primates; Order Primates; Time Based Phylogenetic Classification; human2 (German); r2000.pdf; prosimian BC200 locus JMB.pdf. 

References: Ross (2000) [R00].  ATW011028.

Tarsiiformes : Tarsiers > Texans.  Necrolemur, Tarsius. 

Range: from the Early Eocene of Asia, Europe & North America.  Molecular phylogenies place the divergence time in the Paleocene, which seems reasonable.  Currently limited to Indonesia and surrounding islands..

Phylogeny: Haplorhini : Anthropoidea + *.

Characters: quite small; "dry nose" rhinarium covered with dry, hairy skin as in anthropoids; rostrum short; complete, hairy upper lip; tapetum lucidum absent; orbits anterior & closely spaced; eye sockets almost completely enclosed with bone; eyes are immobile in orbit; retinal fovea present; ears large; tubular ectotympanic; auditory bulla present and large; stapedial artery absent; mandibular symphysis unfused; dental formula (living genus) 2/1, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3; I1 large; lower incisors small; canines large; grooming tooth absent; head can rotate 180°; humerus with entepicondylar foramen; grooming claw present, but on pes 3 (not 2 as in Strepsirhini); no opposable digits; tibia & fibula fused over distal 1/3 (leaping adaptation); tarsals elongate (navicular & calcaneum); hemochorial placentation; placenta is discoidal & deciduate; nocturnal; feeds on insects & small lizards & birds (only living fully carnivorous primate); groups usually consist of mated pairs and their young; territories scent-marked & announced by vocal duets by both male and female; gestation 180 days with single offspring; mother transports infant for first few weeks by holding it in her mouth, parking it on a nearby branch while she forages.

Notes: [1] most of these characters are for the living genus Tarsius and may not apply to more basal forms.  [2] Interestingly, no tarsiiforms have ever been found in Africa. 

Image: (right) Tarsius syrichta; (left) skeleton of Tarsius, both from Infraorder Lemuriformes Suborder Strepsirhini Infraorder ... .

Links: Infraorder Lemuriformes Suborder Strepsirhini Infraorder ... (Best on the Web); Tarsiiformes; 2001-1; WORKING GROUP PRIMATE GENETICS Head of Working Group- Dr. Hans ... (one of the few reasonable molecular studies); 7. Fossil primates; Primates as an Adaptive Array; Lecture 19 - Tarsif. & Platyrr.; Fossil Primates 1 (new site?  Very nice lecture outline from the Univ. of Leeds); 2001-1 (Beard abstract).  ATW030113.