Palaeos		Meridiungulata
Vertebrates		References

Meridiungulata: References

LAURASIATHERIA
|
`--MERIDIUNGULATA
   |--Litopterna
   `--Notoungulata
       |--Toxodontia
       `--Typotheria

Bergqvist, LP (1996), Phylogenetic analysis of South American ungulates and North American "Condylarths" based on postcranial characters. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 22A [abstract]

Carroll, RL (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co., 698 pp. 
Didolodontidae, Litopterna, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata.

Cerdeño, E & M Bond (1998), Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene of Argentina. J. Vert Paleontol. 18: 799-811.  Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL (1983), The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia). Am. Mus. Nov. 772:1-49. 
Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna.

Cifelli, RL (1985), South American ungulate evolution and extinction, in SD Webb & FG Stehli [eds.], The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum Publ. Co., pp. 249-266.
Didolodontidae, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL (1993), The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates in FS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna [eds.], Mammal Phylogeny. Springer-Verlag 2: 195-216. 
Didolodontidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL & J Guerrero (1997), Litopterns, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 289-302.

Cifelli, RL & C Villarroel (1997), Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 265-288. 
Notoungulata.

deMuizon, C & RL Cifelli (2000), The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the Early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22: 47-150. WWW. 
Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna, Meridiungulata

deMuizon C, RL Cifelli & LP Bergqvist (1998), Eutherian tarsals from the early Paleocene of Bolivia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 655-663.
Didolodontidae

Dozo, MT (1996), Endocranial casts of Hegetotheriidae Notoungulates: a case of neuromorphological convergence between extinct south american ungulates and living rodents. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 31A. 
Meridiungulata, Typotheria.

Flynn, JJ, DA Croft, R Charrier, G Hérail & AR Wyss (2002), The first Cenozoic mammal fauna from the Chilean Altiplano. J. Vert Paleontol. 22: 200-206.

Gabbert, SL (2004), The basicranial and posterior cranial anatomy of the families of the Toxodontia in GC Gould & SK Bell [eds.], Tributes to Malcolm C. McKenna : His Students, His Legacy.  Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 177-190 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. #285: 177-190). WWW

Gheerbrant, E, J Sudre, M Iarochene & A Moumni (2001), First ascertained African "condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: c.f. Bulbulodentata and c.f. Phenacodonta) from the Earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco.  J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 107-118. 
Meridiungulata.

Johnson, SC & RH Madden (1997), Uruguayatheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 355-381.

Maas, MC (1997), Enamel microstructure in notoungulates, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 319-334. 
Notostylopidae.

Madden, RH (1997), A new toxodontid notoungulate, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 335-354.

McKenna, MC (1956), Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. Amer. J. Sci. 254: 736-743. 
Notoungulata.

Patterson B (1977), A primitive pyrothere (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Early Tertiary of northwestern Venezuela. Fieldiana Geol. 33: 397-422.
Notoungulata.

Simpson, GG (1948), The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 1. Introduction. Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 91: 1-232.
Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata. 

Villarroel, C & JC Danis (1997), A new leontiniid notoungulate in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press pp. 303-318.
Notoungulata.

Zack, SP, TA Penkrot, JI Bloch & KD Rose (2005), Affinities of ‘hyopsodontids’ to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria.  Nature 434: 497-501. 
Hyopsodontidae.