Palaeos		Geography
EARTH		Gondwana

Gondwana

One of the most enduring features of our planet, Gondwana (or Gondwanaland) was a composite continent, made up of South America, Africa, Madagascar, Antarctica, India, other parts of South Asia, and Australia.  At one time it even included Florida and most of Southern Europe.

Gondwanaland is named after the Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations of the Gondwana district of central India, which display a number of shared geologic features (the "Gondwana beds").  In the late nineteenth century, on  the basis of comparative geological evidence, the Austrian geologist, Edward Suess, suggested that the continents of Africa, South America, Australia and India were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called "Gondwanaland".

Science tells us that the Continents of Australia, India, South America, Africa, and Antarctica, existed together as a separate landmass as long as 650 million years ago.  And as these continents only began to break up some 130 million years ago, this great supercontinent had a life of around 520 million years; making it perhaps the most important geological structure of the last billion years.

The map shows a reconstruction of the Earth as it was 530 million years ago.  Although the land was barren, the shallow seas teamed with primitive life: trilobites, brachiopods, worms, sponges, and many other forms which have since become extinct.   And among the continents, Gondwana, at the bottom right, stands over the rest in the same way that the "world-island" of Europe and Asia does today

Flora and Fauna of Gondwana

Throughout Gondwana's long and venerable history, the animals and plants that inhabited it were often quite different to those found in other continents. Here is a very tiny selection.

Late Silurian-Early Devonian Land Plants

Baragwanathia longifolia, one of the earliest known Land Plants, is known from the Late Silurian or early Devonian of Yea, Victoria, Australia. It is an early member of the lycopsid group Drepanophycales. The dating, on the basis of graptolites found associated with Baragwanathia, indicates a Ludlovian (late Silurian) age, predating or corresponding in age with Cooksonia, a very much more primitive ancestral vascular plant.  If this date is correct it means that the late Silurian Gondwanaland flora was much more advanced than the contemporary northern hemisphere flora.

Late Devonian Fish

During the Late Devonian period there was a rich marine fish fauna, found in association with coral reefs, the fossil remains of which are known from early Frasnian age Gogo locality, north-western Australia. This is characterized by a diversity of prehistoric armoured fish known as placoderms (principally, arthrodires)

(1, Eastmanosteus; 2, Latocamurus; 3. Tubonasus; 4, Incisoscutum; 5. Harrytoombsia; 6, Torosteus). Other placoderm groups are represented by the antiarch (7, Bothriolepis) and ptyctodonts (8, Campbellodus). The lobe-finned fishes are lungfishes (9, Holodipterus; 10, Griphognathus) and osteolepiformes (11, Gogonasas). Small ray-finned fishes (12, Mimia) were also fairly common.

Dinosaurs

Head of Abelisaurus, artwork courtesy of Frank DeNota, reproduced with permission

While better known dinosaurs like Apatosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus inhabited the northern continents, Gondwanaland was home to its own unique fauna. These evolved from a common Pangean ancestor (indeed, during the Triassic and Jurassic there was not much difference between dinosaurs in the north and south), but during the Cretaceous, as Gondwana rifted free of Laurasia, and itself in turn began breaking into the continents that are around today, the dinosaurs that lived there evolved into distinct types very different from the northern forms. Among these were large meat-eaters known as abelisaurs, some of which had normal heads (like Abelisaurus here) and others that developed small horns. Although more "primitive" than the contemporary tyrannosaurs of Asiamerica, the abelisaurs were a very successful and widespread group that persisted throughout Gondwanaland until the end of the Cretaceous.