Palæos:

 

Bones: The Ear

The Vertebrates

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The Ear: References


Bones
Braincase
Dermal Bones
Ear
Gill Arches
Teeth
Ear Overview
 
The Incus
  References

Carroll, RL (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co., 698 pp. The Ear.

Gower, DJ (2002), Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136: 49-76.  Ear.  

Hildebrand, M (1974), Analysis of Vertebrate Structure.  John Wiley & Sons, 710 pp. Ear

Kardong, KV (1998), Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, McGraw-Hill, 747 pp.  Incus

Luo, Z-X & ER Eastman (1995), Petrosal and inner-ear of a squalodontoid whale - implications for evolution of hearing in Odontocetes. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 431-442. Ear

Makovicky, PJ, MA Norell, JM Clark & T Rowe (2003), Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae)Amer. Mus. Nov. 3402, 21 pp.  The Ear

Thewissen, JGM & ST Hussain (1993), Origin of underwater hearing in whales. Nature 361: 444-445.  Incus


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